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* '''Vernon's [[w:Product life-cycle theory|Product life-cycle theory]]''' is an economic theory that was developed by Raymond Vernon in response to the failure of the [[w:Heckscher-Ohlin model|Heckscher-Ohlin model]] to explain the observed pattern of [[w:international trade|international trade]]. The theory suggests that early in a product's life-cycle all the parts and labor associated with that product come from the area in which it was invented. After the product becomes adopted and used in the world markets, production gradually moves away from the point of origin. ( Wikipedia ) | * '''Vernon's [[w:Product life-cycle theory|Product life-cycle theory]]''' is an economic theory that was developed by Raymond Vernon in response to the failure of the [[w:Heckscher-Ohlin model|Heckscher-Ohlin model]] to explain the observed pattern of [[w:international trade|international trade]]. The theory suggests that early in a product's life-cycle all the parts and labor associated with that product come from the area in which it was invented. After the product becomes adopted and used in the world markets, production gradually moves away from the point of origin. ( Wikipedia ) | ||
* '''[[w:Economies of scope|Economies of scope]]''' are conceptually similar to [[w:economies of scale|economies of scale]]. Whereas economies of scale for a firm primarily refers to reductions in the [[w:average cost|average cost]] (cost per unit) associated with increasing the scale of production for a ''single product type'', economies of scope refers to lowering the [[average cost]] for a firm in producing ''two or more'' products. | * '''[[w:Economies of scope|Economies of scope]]''' are conceptually similar to [[w:economies of scale|economies of scale]]. Whereas economies of scale for a firm primarily refers to reductions in the [[w:average cost|average cost]] (cost per unit) associated with increasing the scale of production for a ''single product type'', economies of scope refers to lowering the [[w:average cost|average cost]] for a firm in producing ''two or more'' products. | ||
* In economics, '''[[w:internalization#Economics and management|internalization]]''' can refer to the practice of multinational enterprises (MNEs) to execute transactions within their organization rather than relying on an outside market. ( Wikipedia ) | * In economics, '''[[w:internalization#Economics and management|internalization]]''' can refer to the practice of multinational enterprises (MNEs) to execute transactions within their organization rather than relying on an outside market. ( Wikipedia ) | ||