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User:Jukeboksi/BBA studies/Accounting

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“Accounting ( verb ) or accountancy ( noun ) is the process of communicating financial information about a w:business entity to users such as shareholders and managers.”


“Laskentatoimi on toimintaa, jonka tehtävänä on kuvata rahaprosessia, kerätä, rekisteröidä ja analysoida yrityksen tai muun organisaation toimintaa kuvaavia taloudellisia laskelmia.”

~ Suomenkielinen Wikipedia on laskentatoimi


Definition of accounting and accountacy

Accounting ( verb ) or accountancy ( noun ) is the process of communicating financial information about a w:business entity to users such as shareholders and managers. The communication is generally in the form of financial statements that show in money terms the economic resources under the control of management; the art lies in selecting the information that is relevant to the user and is reliable.
The principles of accountancy are applied to business entities in three divisions of practical art, named
  1. accounting ( w:fi:laskentatoimi ) which is classically split to ( financial and managerial accounting )
  2. bookkeeping ( w:fi:kirjanpito ) and
  3. auditing ( w:fi:auditointi, mahd. w:fi:tilintarkastus ). ( Wikipedia )

Template:Bookkeeping

Accounting for a New Business 1

Balance sheet
To understand what's going on with a w:business in addition to having an w:income statement one must also have knowledge of where the capital is, what is it's cost and it's payoff i.e. the w:Balance sheet, then you can calculate all sorts of fun w:metrics like w:Return on equity and w:return on investment etc.


In w:financial accounting, a w:balance sheet or statement of financial position is a summary of the financial balances of a w:sole proprietorship, a business partnership, a w:corporation or other business organization, such as an LLC or an w:LLP. w:Assets, liabilities and w:ownership equity are listed as of a specific date, such as the end of its w:financial year. A balance sheet is often described as a "snapshot of a company's financial condition". Of the four basic w:financial statements, the balance sheet is the only statement which app

Accounting classes

Accounting lesson 1 Double-entry bookkeeping, credit and debit

In w:double-entry bookkeeping ( w:fi:Kahdenkertainen kirjanpito ) a minimum of 2 w:ledger accounts ( w:fi:Reskontra ) are touched, one w:debited and another w:credited with every action recorded. ( w:fi:Debet ja kredit ) ( jubo-jubo )
  • Management accounting or w:managerial accounting is concerned with the provisions and use of accounting information to managers within organizations, to provide them with the basis to make informed business decisions that will allow them to be better equipped in their management and control functions. ( Wikipedia )
  • w:Income statement (also referred to as profit and loss statement (P&L), revenue statement, statement of financial performance, earnings statement, operating statement or statement of operations)is a company's w:financial statement that indicates how the revenue (money received from the sale of products and services before expenses are taken out, also known as the "top line") is transformed into the net income (the result after all revenues and expenses have been accounted for, also known as Net Profit or the "bottom line"). ( Wikipedia )

Income statement or profit and loss statement

Mnemonic: "The w:income statement describes the income possibilities of the w:entrepreneur with 100% of shares not the income of the business, that's called the w:top line and is only small part of the whole thing."
An w:income statement (also referred to as profit and loss statement (P&L), revenue statement, statement of financial performance, earnings statement, operating statement or statement of operations) is a company's w:financial statement that indicates how the w:revenue (money received from the sale of products and services before expenses are taken out, also known as the "top line") is transformed into the w:net income (the result after all revenues and expenses have been accounted for, also known as Net Profit or the "bottom line"). It displays the revenues recognized for a specific period, and the w:cost and w:expenses charged against these revenues, including w:write-offs (e.g., w:depreciation and w:amortization of various w:assets) and w:taxes. The purpose of the income statement is to show managers and w:investors whether the company made or lost money during the period being reported. ( Wikipedia )

Formula for income statement

incoming w:revenue == w:top line == w:turnover == w:income == w:cash flow
minus outgoing w:expenses
equals w:net income == The w:bottom line == w:net profit == w:net earnings


Example for small scale import/export business income statement
an example of an income statement for a really small business involved in international trade
'+ w:Revenue
- w:Fixed costs (
- w:Personel costs
- w:Facilities, w:office and w:bookkeeping and w:accounting w:costs )
- w:Variable costs (
- w:Unit price x lot size + w:VAT
- Duties and w:tariffs or in case of w:single-market or w:free trade area no need
- w:Logistics and w:warehousing
- w:distribution costs
)
________________________________
== w:Net income


Balance sheet terms
A w:current asset is an w:asset which can either be converted to cash or used to pay current liabilities within 12 months. Typical current assets include w:cash, w:cash equivalents, short-term investments, w:accounts receivable, w:inventory and the portion of prepaid liabilities which will be paid within a year. ( Wikipedia )

Balances and flow statements

( w:fi:XYZ )

Accounting class week 9

Accounting class week 10

Accounting class week 11



Accounting class week 12

Joint exam with Business Math 1

lies to a single point in time of a business' calendar year. ( Wikipedia )

Accounting for a New Business 2

Course consists of mostly w:Managerial accounting and w:cost accounting

Topics covered:

Accounting 2 class week 14

Topics: Financial flows

in managerial economics, is a form of cost accounting. It is a simplified model, useful for elementary instruction and for short-run decisions. ( Wikipedia )
In w:cost-volume-profit analysis, a form of w:management accounting, contribution margin is the marginal profit per unit sale. It is a useful quantity in carrying out various calculations, and can be used as a measure of w:operating leverage. Typically, high contribution margins are prevalent in the labour-intensive tertiary sector while low contribution margins are prevalent in the capital-intensive industrial sector.n ( Wikipedia )
  • w:Break-even (or break even) is the point of balance between making either a profit or a loss. The term originates in finance, but the concept has been applied widely since. ( Wikipedia )
  • Margin of safety represents the strength of the business. It enables a business to know what is the exact amount it has gained or lost and whether they are over or below the break even point. ( Wikipedia )
  • w:Operating leverage ( w:fi:Velkavipu ) is a measure of how revenue growth translates into growth in operating income. Leverage, and of how risky (volatile) a company's operating income is. ( Wikipedia )
Homework: ex. 4,5,6,7

Accounting 2 class week 15

Accounting 2 class week 16

Long-run vs. short-run pricing approaches
  • w:Target costing or target pricing is a w:pricing method used by firms. It is defined as "a cost management tool for reducing the overall cost of a product over its entire life-cycle with the help of production, engineering, research and design". A target cost is the maximum amount of cost that can be incurred on a product and with it the firm can still earn the required w:profit margin from that product at a particular selling price. ( Wikipedia )
  • w:Cost-plus pricing is a pricing method used by companies to maximize their rate of returns. ( Wikipedia )

Accounting 2 class week 17

  • w:Return on investment (ROI) is the concept of an w:investment of some resource yielding a benefit to the investor. As a performance measure, it is used to evaluate the efficiency of an investment or to compare the efficiency of a number of different investments. ( Wikipedia )

Accounting 2 class week 18

Managerial Accounting

  1. lesson: Cost behaviour and cost objects
  2. lesson: Job costing and overheads
  3. lesson: Activity based costing
  4. lesson: Cost-volume-profit analysis
  5. lesson: Master budgets and operational budgets
  6. lesson: NO LESSON
  7. lesson: Short term business decisions

Lesson 1 Cost behaviour and cost objects

  • A Cost objects is a tangible input for a product manufactured/service provided, like labor or material. ( Wikipedia )
Certified Public Accountant (CPA) is the statutory title of qualified accountants in the United States ( Wikipedia )
  • Inventory or stock refers to the goods and materials that a business holds for the ultimate purpose of resale (or repair)
  • Working capital or operating capital is a financial metric which represents operating liquidity| available to a business, organization or other entity, including governmental entity. Along with fixed assets such as plant and equipment, working capital is considered a part of operating capital. Gross working capital equals to current assets. Net working capital (NWC) is calculated as current assets minus current liabilities. ( Wikipedia )


Lesson 2 Job costing and overheads

  • Job costing involves the calculation of costs involved in a construction "job" or the manufacturing of goods done in discrete batches. These costs are recorded in ledger accounts throughout the life of the job or batch and are then summarized in the final trial balance before the preparing of the job cost or batch manufacturing statement. ( Wikipedia )
  • An overhead or overhead expense refers to an ongoing expense of operating a business; it is also known as an "operating expense". Examples include rent, gas, electricity, and labour burden. The term overhead is usually used when grouping expenses that are necessary to the continued functioning of the business but cannot be immediately associated with the products or services being offered (i.e., do not directly generate profit|s). ( Wikipedia )

Lesson 3 Activity based costing

Activity based costing (ABC) is a costing methodology that identifies activities in an organization and assigns the cost of each activity with resources to all products and services according to the actual consumption by each. This model assigns more indirect costs (overhead) into direct costs compared to conventional costing. ( Wikipedia )

CIMA (Chartered Institute of Management Accountants) defines ABC as
an approach to the costing and monitoring of activities which involves tracing resource consumption and costing final outputs.
Resources are assigned to activities, and activities to cost objects based on consumption estimates. The latter utilize cost drivers to attach activity costs to outputs. ( Wikipedia )

Lesson 4 Cost-volume-profit analysis

Cost–volume–profit analysis (CVP), in managerial economics, is a form of cost accounting. It is a simplified model, useful for elementary instruction and for short-run decisions. ( Wikipedia )

Lesson 5 Master budgets and operational budgets

  • A budget is a quantitative expression of a plan for a defined period of time. It may include planned sales volumes and revenues, resource quantities, costs and expenses, assets, liabilities and cash flows. ( Wikipedia )

Lesson 6 NO LESSON

Lesson 7 Short term business decisions

Short term business decisions

  • In finance or financial operations of borrowing and investing, what is considered
  • long-term is usually above 3 years, with
  • medium-term usually between 1 and 3 years and
  • short-term usually under 1 year. ( Wikipedia on Term )


Further reading


Learn in Wikipedia

Further learning

Business and investment analyses:
  1. Financial statement analysis – the analysis of the accounts and the economic prospects of a firm
  2. Fundamental analysis – a stock valuation method that uses financial analysis
  3. w:Technical analysis ( w:fi:Tekninen analyysi ) – the study of price action in securities markets in order to forecast future prices
  4. Business analysis – involves identifying the needs and determining the solutions to business problems
  5. Price analysis – involves the breakdown of a price to a unit figure
  6. Market analysis – consists of suppliers and customers, and price is determined by the interaction of w:supply and demand ( Wikipedia )
build upon understanding of accounting and business math terminology and procedures.

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