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== Ginger == [[File:Ginger Plant vs.jpg|thumb|left|260px|[[w:Ginger|Ginger]] plant]] '''[[w:Ginger|Ginger]]''' (''Zingiber officinale'') is a [[w:flowering plant|flowering plant]] whose [[w:rhizome|rhizome]], '''ginger root''' or ginger, is widely used as a [[w:spice|spice]] and a [[w:folk medicine|folk medicine]].<ref name=WikipediaGinger2019-11">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ginger&oldid=925126238</ref> Ginger is in the [[w:family (taxonomy)|family]] [[w:Zingiberaceae|Zingiberaceae]], which also includes [[w:turmeric|turmeric]] (''Curcuma longa''), [[w:cardamom|cardamom]] (''Elettaria cardamomum''), and [[w:galangal|galangal]].<ref name=WikipediaGinger2019-11"/> {{Q|Gingerol has been investigated [[w:in vitro]] for its effect on cancerous tumors of the bowel,<ref name="BBCGinger2003"> {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3221547.stm |date=October 29, 2003 |title=Ginger 'could halt bowel cancer' |publisher=[[w:BBC News]] }}</ref><ref name="GingerolColonCancer2009"> {{cite journal |last1=Jeong |first1=C.-H. |last2=Bode |first2=A. M. |last3=Pugliese |first3=A. |last4=Cho |first4=Y.-Y. |last5=Kim |first5=H.-G. |last6=Shim |first6=J.-H. |last7=Jeon |first7=Y.-J. |last8=Li |first8=H. |last9=Jiang |first9=H. |last10=Dong |first10=Z. |title=[6]-Gingerol Suppresses Colon Cancer Growth by Targeting Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase |journal=Cancer Research |volume=69 |issue=13 |pages=5584β91 |year=2009 |pmid=19531649 |doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-0491|display-authors=8 }}</ref> breast tissue,<ref name="BreastCancerGingerol2008"> {{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=H |last2=Seo |first2=E |last3=Kang |first3=N |last4=Kim |first4=W |title=[6]-Gingerol inhibits metastasis of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells |journal=The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=313β9 |year=2008 |pmid=17683926 |doi=10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.05.008 }}</ref> ovaries,<ref name="OvarianCancerGinger2007"> {{cite journal |last1=Rhode |first1=Jennifer |last2=Fogoros |first2=Sarah |last3=Zick |first3=Suzanna |last4=Wahl |first4=Heather |last5=Griffith |first5=Kent A |last6=Huang |first6=Jennifer |last7=Liu |first7=J Rebecca |title=Ginger inhibits cell growth and modulates angiogenic factors in ovarian cancer cells |journal=BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=7 |pages=44 |year=2007 |pmid=18096028 |pmc=2241638 |doi=10.1186/1472-6882-7-44 }}</ref> and pancreas,<ref name=PancreasCancerGinger2006"> {{cite journal |last1=Park |first1=Yon Jung |last2=Wen |first2=Jing |last3=Bang |first3=Seungmin |last4=Park |first4=Seung Woo |last5=Song |first5=Si Young |title=[6]-Gingerol Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Cell Death of Mutant p53-expressing Pancreatic Cancer Cells |journal=Yonsei Medical Journal |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=688β97 |year=2006 |pmid=17066513 |pmc=2687755 |doi=10.3349/ymj.2006.47.5.688 }}</ref> with positive results.|Wikipedia|[[w:Gingerol|Gingerol]] as of 2019-11}} ''' Scientific articles about ginger and health''' * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7644455/ ''''''Ginger and its active constituents as therapeutic agents: Recent perspectives with molecular evidences'''''' at ncbi.nlm.nih.gov], a '''2020''' literature review on the health and anti-disease effects of ginger published in International Journal of Health Sciences by [[w:Qassim University]], Saudi Arabia * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328491516_6-gingerol_content_of_ginger_Zingiber_officinale_Roscoe_by_different_drying_metthods ''''''6-gingerol content of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) by different drying methods''''''], a '''2018''' study presented at the 2018 International Congress on Botanical research in Tropical Asia * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284103333_Comparison_of_different_drying_methods_on_Chinese_ginger_Zingiberofficinale_Roscoe_Changes_in_volatiles_chemical_profile_antioxidant_properties_and_microstructure ''''''Comparison of different drying methods on Chinese ginger (Zingiberofficinale Roscoe): Changes in volatiles, chemical profile, antioxidant properties, and microstructure''''''], a '''2015''' study '''Links and reporting about ginger's health effects''' * [https://livelovefruit.com/10-scientifically-backed-reasons-to-consume-ginger/ ''''''10 Scientifically Backed Reasons Why You Should Consume Ginger Everyday'''''' at livelovefruit.com] '''Possible medical applications of ginger''' # [[#Alzheimer's and ginger]] # [[#Rheumatoid arthritis and ginger]] # [[#Breast cancer and ginger]] # [[#Colon cancer and ginger]] # [[#Leukemia and ginger]] # [[#Lung cancer and ginger]] # [[#Ovarian cancer and ginger]] # [[#Pancreatic cancer and ginger]] === Chemistry of ginger === The characteristic fragrance and flavor of ginger result from [[w:volatility (chemistry)|volatile]] [[w:essential oil|oils]] that compose 1-3% of the weight of fresh ginger, primarily consisting of [[w:zingerone|zingerone]], [[w:shogao|l]]s, and [[w:gingerol|gingerol]]s with [6]-gingerol (1-[4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl]-5-hydroxy-3-decanone) as the major pungent compound.<ref name="an">{{cite journal|displayauthors=3|vauthors=An K, Zhao D, Wang Z, Wu J, Xu Y, Xiao G|year=2016|title=Comparison of different drying methods on Chinese ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): Changes in volatiles, chemical profile, antioxidant properties, and microstructure|url=|journal=[[Food Chemistry (journal)|Food Chem.]]|volume=197|issue=Part B|pages=1292β300|doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.033|pmid=26675871|via=}}</ref> Zingerone is produced from gingerols during drying, having lower pungency and a spicy-sweet aroma.<ref name=an/> Shagoals are more pungent and have higher antioxidant activity but not found in raw ginger, but is formed from gingerols during heating, storage or via acidity.<ref name=an/><ref name="WikipediaGinger-Chemistry-2019-11">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger#Chemistry</ref> Fresh ginger also contains an enzyme [[w:zingibain|zingibain]] which is a [[w:cysteine protease|cysteine protease]] and has similar properties to [[w:rennet|rennet]].<ref name="WikipediaGinger-Chemistry-2019-11"/> [[File:Gingembre.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Ginger [[w:rhizome|rhizome]] (root)]] [https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/11-proven-benefits-of-ginger 11 health benefits of ginger at healthline.com (with sources)] # [[w:Ginger|Ginger]] contains [[w:Gingerol]], a substance with powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.<ref group="1st seen in" name="healthline-ginger2017">https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/11-proven-benefits-of-ginger</ref> # Ginger can treat many forms of nausea, especially morning sickness and chemo-induced nausea<ref group="1st seen in" name="healthline-ginger2017"/> # Ginger may reduce muscle pain and soreness <ref group="1st seen in" name="healthline-ginger2017"/> # Ginger can help with [[w:osteoarthritis]] <ref group="1st seen in" name="healthline-ginger2017"/> # Ginger may lower blood sugars <ref group="1st seen in" name="healthline-ginger2017"/> # Ginger can help treat chronic indigestion <ref group="1st seen in" name="healthline-ginger2017"/> # Ginger powder may significantly reduce menstrual pain <ref group="1st seen in" name="healthline-ginger2017"/> # Ginger may lower cholesterol levels <ref group="1st seen in" name="healthline-ginger2017"/> # Ginger contains gingerol, which may help to prevent cancers <ref group="1st seen in" name="healthline-ginger2017"/> # Ginger may improve brain functioning and protect against Alzheimer's disease <ref group="1st seen in" name="healthline-ginger2017"/> # Gingerol can help lower risk of infections <ref group="1st seen in" name="healthline-ginger2017"/> ----
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