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== Cannabis == [[File:Cannabis sativa kz05.jpg|thumb|left|300px|[[w:Cannabis sativa|Cannabis sativa]] seedling in Poland could use a little water.]] [[File:Marijuana.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Rare 11-leafer [[w:Cannabis sativa|Cannabis sativa]]]] '''Cannabis''' is the oldest and most versatile medicine known to humankind. '''[[w:Cannabis sativa|Cannabis sativa]]''' and '''[[w:Cannabis indica|Cannabis indica]]''' are the main cannabis variants though most strains are mixes of these. A third cannabis line is the '''[[w:Cannabis ruderalis|Cannabis ruderalis]]''', a rugged northern cannabis that has adapted to flower even under northern long summer days. === Cannabis therapeutics === [[File:Cannabis sativa 001.JPG|thumb|right|360px|Male [[w:Cannabis sativa|Cannabis sativa]] plants in late flowering stages.]] Cannabis can be applied to treat a wide assortment of illnesses. In this case it is called [[w:medical cannabis|medical cannabis]]. Some sources report cannabis useful against # [[#Alzheimer's and cannabis]] - very strong evidence from in vivo studies # [[#Autoimmune diseases and cannabis]] ## [[#Rheumatoid arthritis and cannabis]] ## [[#Lupus and cannabis]] ## [[#Coeliac disease and cannabis]] ## [[#Psoriasis and cannabis]] # [[#Antibiotic cannabis leaves]] # [[#Asthma and cannabis]] - bronchodialator # [[#Autism and cannabis]] - many miracle stories # [[#Cancers and cannabis]] - strong evidence of anti-cancer properties ## [[#Brain cancer and cannabis]] ## [[#Breast cancer and cannabis]] ## [[#Cervical cancer and cannabis]] ## [[#Colon cancer and cannabis]] ## [[#Langerhans cell sarcoma and cannabis]] ## [[#Leukemia and cannabis]] ## [[#Lymphoid leukemia and cannabis]] ## [[#Myeloid leukemia and cannabis]] ## [[#Liver cancer and cannabis]] ## [[#Lung cancer and cannabis]] ## [[#Lymphoma and cannabis]] ## [[#Oral cancer and cannabis]] ## [[#Ovarian cancer and cannabis]] ## [[#Pancreatic cancer and cannabis]] ## [[#Prostate cancer and cannabis]] ## [[#Skin cancer and cannabis]] ## [[#Melanoma and cannabis]] ## [[#Testicular cancer and cannabis]] ## [[#Thyroid cancer and cannabis]] # [[#Crohn's disease and cannabis]] # [[#Epilepsy and cannabis]] - very promising results # [[#Dravet syndrome and cannabis]] # [[#Dermatological conditions and cannabis]] # [[#Migraines and cannabis]] # [[#Pain and cannabis]] # [[#Parkinson's disease and cannabis]] # [[#Non-somatic issues with cannabis]] ## [[#Depression and cannabis]] ## [[#Psychosis and cannabis]] ## [[#PTSD and cannabis]] # Scleroses ## [[#Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and cannabis]] ## [[#Multiple sclerosis (MS) and cannabis]] # [[#Respiratory diseases]] ## [[#COVID-19 and cannabis]] ## [[#SARS and cannabis]] # [[#Seizures and cannabis]] # [[#Strokes and cannabis]] # [[#Traumatic brain injury and cannabis]] Due to the inbuilt default to always take the safe route and also to backup the back of your fellow MD colleague the Wikipedia does not yield the right infos on how useful and versatile a medication cannabis is. Research has been held back by arcane laws even as cannabis is the oldest medicine known to man and it should be gladly appreciated and not outlawed because of big pharma interests. ==== Medical cannabis research and information organizations ==== * [https://www.cannabis-med.org/ International Association for Cannabinoid Medicines at Cannabis-med.org] is also available in German, French, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese and Italian ** [http://www.cannabis-med.org/studies/study.php Searchable database of clinical studies and case reports at Cannabis-Med.org] ** [http://www.cannabis-med.org/english/studies.htm Studies and case reports in .html at Cannabis-Med.org] ** [http://www.cannabis-med.org/english/studies.pdf .pdf of clinical studies and case reports at Cannabis-Med.org] * [http://www.ccic.net/ The Canadian Consortium for the Investigation of Cannabinoids] is a Canadian non-profit organization * [https://www.cmcr.ucsd.edu/ The Center for Medicinal Cannabis Research] at the [[w:University of California, San Diego|University of California]] * [https://www.medicinalcannabis.nsw.gov.au/ Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research and Innovation] by the govt of [[w:New South Wales|New South Wales]] ==== External links about cannabis as medicine ==== * http://www.calgarycmmc.com/ a large compendium on medical cannabis sorted alphabetically by ailment. * http://www.cannabisconnections.tk/2018/03/700-medicinal-uses-of-cannabis-sorted.html * http://expand-your-consciousness.com/100-scientific-studies-agree-cannabis-annihilates-cancer/ about 100 nih.gov studies linked some cases briefly described. * https://healer.com/ - a website by Dr. Dustin Sulak D.O. - a renowned integrative medicine physician based in Maine, whose practice balances the principles of osteopathy, mind-body medicine and medical cannabis. * [https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/medical-marijuana-2018011513085 Harvard Health Blog article on medical cannabis] is naturally very reserved about not raising too much hopes * [https://www.learngreenflower.com/articles/574/medical-uses-of-cannabis 71 medical uses of cannabis compiled by LearnGreenFlower.com] * http://medicalcannabisreport.com/700-medicinal-uses-of-cannabis-sorted-by-disease/ (.pdf from 2012 downloadable from the linked page) * https://www.rxleaf.com/clinical-research-into-cannabis-for-cancer-has-never-been-better/ ==== Literature about cannabis as a medicine ==== * [https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/14765381/2011/163/7 BPJ Volume 163, Issue 7 - 'Special Issue:Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine, Part I.'] a 2011 special issue of [[w:British Journal of Pharmacology]]. * [https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/14765381/176/10 'Special Issue: Themed Section 8th European Workshop on Cannabinoid Research'], Volume 176, Issue 10 of the British Journal of Pharmacology. * [https://www.nap.edu/read/9586/chapter/1 MARIJUANA AS MEDICINE? - The Science Beyond the Controversy (full book online)], a somewhat skeptical and reserved book published in 2000 that you can read online from The National Academies Press. * [http://rxmarijuana.com/excerpts.htm MARIHUANA: THE FORBIDDEN MEDICINE (excerpts from the book online)], a 1997 book by Lester Grinspoon, M.D and James Bakalar, J.D * [https://www.intechopen.com/books/recent-advances-in-cannabinoid-research 'Recent Advances in Cannabinoid Research'], a 2019 open access peer-reviewed edited volume (available online and in hard copy) ---- ==== Anecdotal testimonies about medical cannabis ==== * [https://www.calgarycmmc.com/anecdotal.htm Anecdotal testimonies on medical cannabis at calgarymmc.com] * [http://rxmarijuana.com/comments_and_observations.htm Anecdotal testimonies on medical cannabis at rxmarijuana.com] === The endocannabinoid system === ''' Main article in wikipedia [[w:Endocannabinoid system|Endocannabinoid system]]''' Endocannabinoids are synthesized by our own bodies from '''[[w:Arachidonic acid|Arachidonic acid]]''', an essential [[w:Polyunsaturated fat|polyunsaturated]] [[w:Omega-6 fatty acid|Omega-6 fatty acid]]<ref name=wakeup-world-com>https://wakeup-world.com/2014/09/08/the-endocannabinoid-system-and-how-thc-cures-cancer/</ref>. '''Scientific articles about the endocannabinoid system''' * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23551849/ 'Modulating the endocannabinoid system in human health and disease--successes and failures'], a 2013 scientific article * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3951193/ 'Care and Feeding of the Endocannabinoid System: A Systematic Review of Potential Clinical Interventions that Upregulate the Endocannabinoid System'], a 2014 article * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3677644/ 'Fatty Acid Modulation of the Endocannabinoid System and the Effect on Food Intake and Metabolism'], a 2013 article * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5685274/ 'The endocannabinoid system in pain and inflammation: Its relevance to rheumatic disease'], a 2017 article * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5042796/ 'Endocannabinoid system: Role in depression, reward and pain control' (Review)], a 2016 article * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3951193/ 'Care and Feeding of the Endocannabinoid System: A Systematic Review of Potential Clinical Interventions that Upregulate the Endocannabinoid System'], a 2014 systematic review * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3677644/ 'Fatty Acid Modulation of the Endocannabinoid System and the Effect on Food Intake and Metabolism'], a 2013 study * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5685274/ 'The endocannabinoid system in pain and inflammation: Its relevance to rheumatic disease'], a 2017 article * [http://www.neuronalsignaling.org/content/2/4/NS20170144 'Potential for endocannabinoid system modulation in ocular pain and inflammation: filling the gaps in current pharmacological options'], a 2018 article * [https://www.intechopen.com/books/cannabinoids-in-health-and-disease/dietary-omega-6-omega-3-and-endocannabinoids-implications-for-brain-health-and-diseases 'Dietary Omega-6/Omega-3 and Endocannabinoids: Implications for Brain Health and Diseases'], a 2016 peer-reviewed chapter. * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/42369817_Endocannabinoids_and_pregnancy 'Endocannabinoids and pregnancy'], a 2010 literature review * [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/02/190206115550.htm 'Endocannabinoid system, a target to improve cognitive disorders in models of Down syndrome'], a 2019 animal model study found downregulating CB1 receptors beneficial for the mice. * [https://www.jyi.org/2018-june/2018/6/1/the-endocannabinoid-system-our-universal-regulator 'The Endocannabinoid System, Our Universal Regulator'], a 2018 undergraduate research paper published in the Journal of Young Investigators ''' Articles about the endocannabinoid system ''' * [https://norml.org/library/item/introduction-to-the-endocannabinoid-system 'Introduction to the Endocannabinoid System'] at [[w:National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws|NORML]] (.org) * [https://www.medicinalgenomics.com/endocannabinoid-basics/ 'Endocannabinoid Basics' at MedicinalGenomics.com] * [https://hempedification.wordpress.com/2016/08/06/how-and-why-your-brain-makes-its-own-cannabinoids/ 'How and Why Your Brain Makes its Own Cannabinoids'], a 2016 article by Hemp Edification blog * [https://hempedification.wordpress.com/2017/08/05/endocannabinoids-beyond-the-brain/ Endocannabinoids – Beyond the Brain] is a good 2017 article on the Hemp Edification blog] adapted from [https://www.the-scientist.com/features/your-body-is-teeming-with-weed-receptors-31233 Your Body Is Teeming with Weed Receptors, a 2017 article on the website the-scientist.com] and [https://www.the-scientist.com/multimedia/endocannabinoids-in-the-groove-31240 Endocannabinoids in the Groove, a 2017 article on the website the-scientist.com] * http://profofpot.com/endocannabinoid-receptors/ ==== The endocannabinoid receptors ==== [[File:Stock-vector-human-endocannabinoid-system-target-active-in-male-and-female-body-1237262152.jpg|thumb|right|520px|Prevalence of endocannabinoid receptors in the human body. Photo credit: [https://www.shutterstock.com/g/Thanasp ThanasStudio]]] Human body contains 2 types of endocannabinoid [[w:Cannabinoid receptor|receptors]] [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] and [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 2|CB<sub>2</sub>]], but cannabinoids have interactions also on some other receptors. ===== CB<sub>1</sub> receptors ===== CB<sub>1</sub> receptors predominantly located in the nervous system, connective tissues, gonads, glands, and organs<ref name=p4mm>https://patients4medicalmarijuana.wordpress.com/2017/07/06/how-and-why-your-brain-makes-its-own-cannabinoids/</ref>. ===== CB<sub>2</sub> receptors ===== CB<sub>2</sub> receptors, primarily found in the immune system and also present in the spleen, liver, heart, kidneys, bones, blood vessels, lymph cells, endocrine glands, and reproductive organs<ref name=p4mm/>. ==== Endocannabinoids ==== [[File:Anandamid.svg|thumb|200px|[[w:Anandamide|Anandamide]], an endogenous [[w:ligand|ligand]] of CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub>]] The two main endocannabinoids are Anandamide and 2-AG. ===== Anandamide ===== [[w:Anandamide|Anandamide]] was discovered in 1992 and it binds to both CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub> receptors. The name comes from the [[w:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]] word 'Ananda' meaning 'bliss' and [[w:amide|amide]] from its chemistry. It has been referred to as the endocannabinoid version of THC. '''Synthesis''' of '''Anandamide''': Arachidonic acid -> Phosphatidylethanolamide + N-[[w:Acyltransferase|Acyltransferase]] -> N-arachidonoyl phosphatidylethanolamine + [[w:Phospholipase D|Phospholipase D]] -> [[w:Anandamide|Anandamide]]<ref name="EJR2017">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5685274/</ref> * [https://herb.co/marijuana/news/anandamide-aea Herb.co on Anandamide] ===== 2-AG ===== [[File:2-Ara-Gl.svg|thumb|right|200px|2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is an endogenous [[w:agonist|agonist]] of the [[w:CB1 receptor|CB<sub>1</sub> receptor]].]] [[w:2-Arachidonoylglycerol|2-Arachidonoylglycerol]] aka. 2-AG was discovered in 1994-1995. '''Synthesis''' of '''2-AG''': Arachidonic acid -> [[w:Phosphatidylinositol|Phosphatidylinositol]] + [[w:Phospholipase C|Phospholipase C]]s -> [[w:Diacylglycerol]] + Diacylglycerol lipase -> [[w:2-AG|2-AG]]<ref name="EJR2017"/> ===== N-Arachidonoyl dopamine ===== [[w:N-Arachidonoyl dopamine|N-Arachidonoyl dopamine]] discovered in 2000. ===== 2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether ===== [[w:2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether|2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether]] discovered in 2001. ===== Virodhamine ===== [[w:Virodhamine|Virodhamine]] discovered in 2002 ===== Lysophosphatidylinositol ===== [[w:Lysophosphatidylinositol|Lysophosphatidylinositol]] is a contender to be the 6th endocannabinoid. ---- === Phytocannabinoids === [[File:Cannabis indica.jpg|thumb|left|360px|Female [[w:Cannabis indica|Cannabis indica]] plants. These are often good for pain relief producing a nice body stone.]] Many people may know the 2 most prevalent phytocannabinoids, [[w:THC|THC]] and [[w:Cannabidiol|CBD]]. ''' Studies about phytocannabinoids ''' * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19729208 'Non-psychotropic plant cannabinoids: new therapeutic opportunities from an ancient herb.'], a 2009 article * [https://www.intechopen.com/books/recent-advances-in-cannabinoid-research/the-united-chemicals-of-cannabis-beneficial-effects-of-cannabis-phytochemicals-on-the-brain-and-cogn 'The United Chemicals of Cannabis: Beneficial Effects of Cannabis Phytochemicals on the Brain and Cognition'], a 2018 open-access peer-reviewed chapter in Recent Advances in Cannabinoid Research ''' Links about phytocannabinoids ''' * [https://hightimes.com/guides/cannabinoids/ High Times article on cannabinoids] * [https://www.hempgazette.com/medical-cannabis/cannabinoids-list/ HempGazette big list of cannabis cannabinoids]. Sourced from <ref name="Brenneisen2007">https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-59259-947-9_2</ref> '''List of known phytocannabinoids from [[w:Cannabinoid#Phytocannabinoids|Wikipedia]]''': *[[#THC|THC]] ([[w:Tetrahydrocannabinol|Tetrahydrocannabinol]]) *[[#THCA|THCA]] ([[w:Tetrahydrocannbinolic acid|Tetrahydrocannbinolic acid]]) *[[#CBD|CBD]] ([[w:Cannabidiol|Cannabidiol]]) *[[#CBDA|CBDA]] (Cannabidiolic Acid) * [[#CBN|CBN]] ([[w:Cannabinol|Cannabinol]]) * [[#CBG|CBG]] ([[w:Cannabigerol|Cannabigerol]]) * [[#CBC|CBC]] ([[w:Cannabichromene|Cannabichromene]]) * [[#CBL|CBL]] ([[w:Cannabicyclol|Cannabicyclol]]) * [[#CBV|CBV]] ([[w:Cannabivarin|Cannabivarin]]) * [[#THCV|THCV]] ([[w:Tetrahydrocannabivarin|Tetrahydrocannabivarin]]) * [[#CBDV|CBDV]] ([[w:Cannabidivarin|Cannabidivarin]]) * [[#CBCV|CBCV]] (Cannabichromevarin) * [[#CBGV|CBGV]] (Cannabigerovarin) * [[#CBGM|CBGM]] (Cannabigerol Monomethyl Ether) * [[#CBE|CBE]] (Cannabielsoin) * [[#CBT|CBT]] (Cannabicitran) ==== THC ==== [[File:Tetrahydrocannabinol.svg|thumb|right|200px|[[w:Tetrahydrocannabinol|Tetrahydrocannabinol]] is a partial [[w:agonist|agonist]] of [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] located mainly in the [[w:central nervous system|central nervous system]], and the [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 2|CB<sub>2</sub>]] receptor mainly expressed in cells of the [[w:immune system|immune system]].]] [[w:Tetrahydrocannabinol|Tetrahydrocannabinol]] was found in 1964<ref name="enwiki_thc">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol</ref> and it is the main psychoactive compound that brings the 'high' most recreational users are chasing. * [https://hightimes.com/health/science/thc-tetrahydrocannabinol/ Hightimes in-depth article on THC] * [https://hightimes.com/culture/therapeutic-benefits-dabbing-delta-8-thc/ Hightimes article on Delta-8 THC] ==== THCA ==== [[w:Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid|Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid]] THCA is the what cannabis plants produce to fend off insects from harming it. In pure form THCA is a clear translucent crystalline of white color. THC is produced from the raw THCA by a process called decarboxylation. Basically means to heat the stuff over certain temperature. THCA found in raw marijuana apparently has some health enhancing properties. The issue is being researched. * https://herb.co/news/health/raw-weed-benefits/ * https://herb.co/learn/eat-raw-weed-marijuana/ * https://thefreshtoast.com/cannabis/marijuanas-thc-a-as-an-anti-inflammatory-and-neuro-protectant/ ==== CBD ==== [[File:Cannabidiol.svg|thumb|left|200px|[[w:Cannabidiol|Cannabidiol]] has very low [[w:affinity (pharmacology)|affinity]] for the [[w:cannabinoid receptor|cannabinoid]] [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] and [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 2|CB<sub>2</sub>]] receptors receptors but acts as an indirect [[w:receptor antagonist|antagonist]] of cannabinoid [[w:agonist|agonist]]s.]] [[File:Stock-vector-hemp-cbd-wellness-and-your-body-health-benefits-of-cannabidiol-cbd-from-cannabis-hemp-marijuana-1266680014.jpg|thumb|right|540px|Health benefits of CBD. Photo credit: [https://www.shutterstock.com/g/Thanasp ThanasStudio]]] [[w:Cannabidiol|Cannabidiol]] was isolated and identified from Cannabis sativa in 1940<ref name="enwiki_thc"/>. CBD is not psychoactive and it has the most medical applications of all phytocannabinoids. {{Q|Cannabidiol has little affinity for [[w:Cannabinoid receptor#CB1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] and [[w:Cannabinoid receptor#CB2|CB<sub>2</sub>]] receptors but acts as an indirect [[w:Receptor antagonist|antagonist]] of cannabinoid [[w:agonist|agonist]]s.<ref name="recentadvances">{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/cbdv.200790147 |title=Cannabidiol – Recent Advances |year=2007 |last1=Mechoulam |first1=Raphael |last2=Peters |first2=Maximilian |last3=Murillo-Rodriguez |first3=Eric |last4=Hanuš |first4=Lumír O. |journal=Chemistry & Biodiversity |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=1678–92 |pmid=17712814}}</ref>|Wikipedia|[[w:Cannabinoid#Cannabidiol|Cannabidiol]]}} * [https://hightimes.com/health/cannabidiol-cbd/ Hightimes in detail piece on CBD] * [https://www.leafly.com/news/strains-products/what-cannabis-strains-are-high-in-cbd Leafly lists strains high in CBD] * [https://www.marijuanabreak.com/best-cbd-oils-pain-relief Piece on CBD as anti-pain agent (contains ads)] * [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278584618308340?via%3Dihub 'Cannabidiol attenuates aggressive behavior induced by social isolation in mice: Involvement of 5-HT1A and CB1 receptors'], a 2019 study published in the [[w:Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry]]. Cannabidiol effects were mediated by CB1 and 5-HT1A receptors. * [http://www.who.int/medicines/access/controlled-substances/5.2_CBD.pdf WHO preliminary report on CBD] ==== CBDA ==== Cannabidiolic Acid is the raw form. Decarboxylating CBDA yields CBD. * https://herb.co/learn/cbda/ ==== CBN ==== [[w:Cannabinol|Cannabinol]] is a sleeping aid and has also other therapeutic qualities. * https://www.leafly.com/news/science-tech/what-is-cbn-and-what-are-the-benefits-of-this-cannabinoid * https://www.massroots.com/learn/cannabinol-cbn-cannabinoid/ * https://www.medicaljane.com/2013/08/19/cannabinol-cbn-will-put-you-to-bed/ ==== CBG ==== [[w:Cannabigerol|Cannabigerol]] {{Q|Cannabigerol has been shown to promote [[w:apoptosis|apoptosis]] in cancer cells and inhibit tumor growth in mice. It acts as an [[w:a2-adrenergic receptor|α<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic receptor]] agonist, [[w:5-HT1A receptor|5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptor]] antagonist, and CB<sub>1</sub> receptor antagonist.<ref name="pmid20002104">{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00515.x |title=Evidence that the plant cannabinoid cannabigerol is a highly potent α2-adrenoceptor agonist and moderately potent 5HT1A receptor antagonist |year=2010 |last1=Cascio |first1=MG |last2=Gauson |first2=LA |last3=Stevenson |first3=LA |last4=Ross |first4=RA |last5=Pertwee |first5=RG |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology |volume=159 |pages=129–41 |pmid=20002104 |issue=1 |pmc=2823359}}</ref> It also binds to the CB<sub>2</sub> receptor.<ref name="pmid20002104" />|Wikipedia|[[w:Cannabinoid#Cannabigerol|Cannabigerol]]}} ''' Links about CBG ''' * https://comparecbd.com/cbg/ ==== CBC ==== [[w:Cannabichromene|Cannabichromene]] ==== CBL ==== [[w:Cannabicyclol|Cannabicyclol]] ==== CBV ==== [[w:Cannabivarin|Cannabivarin]] ==== THCV ==== [[w:Tetrahydrocannabivarin|Tetrahydrocannabivarin]] can be used to inhibit appetite. ''' Links about THCV ''' * http://herb.co/2017/04/14/tetrahydrocannabivarin-thcv/ ==== CBDV ==== [[w:Cannabidivarin|Cannabidivarin]] ==== CBCV ==== Cannabichromevarin ==== CBGV ==== Cannabigerovarin ==== CBGM ==== Cannabigerol Monomethyl Ether ==== CBE ==== Cannabielsoin ==== CBT ==== Cannabicitran ---- === Making cannabinoids with yeasts === Scientists have figured out how to splice the DNA of yeasts, so that they produce cannabinoids.<ref name="GlobalHealthTimes2019">http://globalhealthtimes.com/2019/03/06/scientists-are-making-thc-and-cbd-in-a-lab-without-growing/</ref> ---- === Cannflavins === '''[[w:Cannflavin|Cannaflavins]]''' '''A''' and '''B''' are very potent anti-inflammatory agents and thus help lessen the pain sensation originating from inflammation. ''' Scientific articles about cannflavins ''' * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31151063 'Biosynthesis of cannflavins A and B from Cannabis sativa L.'], published in 2019 in [[w:Phytochemistry (journal)|Phytochemistry]] found results that imply the following reaction sequence for cannflavins A and B biosynthesis: [[w:luteolin|luteolin]] ► [[w:chrysoeriol|chrysoeriol]] ► cannflavin A and cannflavin B. ''' Links about cannflavins ''' * https://www.inverse.com/article/58027-cannflavins-a-and-b-in-cannabis-anti-inflammatory ---- === Terpenes in cannabis === '''Terpenes''' are a large and diverse [[w:Organic chemistry#Classification of organic compounds|class]] of [[w:organic compound|organic compound]]s, produced by a variety of [[w:plant|plant]]s, particularly [[w:Pinophyta|conifers]], and by some [[w:insect]]s.<ref name=book>{{cite book|title=Terpenes: Flavors, Fragrances, Pharmaca, Pheromones|author=Eberhard Breitmaier|year= 2006|isbn=9783527609949 |doi=10.1002/9783527609949|publisher=Wiley-VCH}}</ref> '''Links about terpenes found in cannabis''' * [http://www.bbhwithms.com/multiple-sclerosis-cannabis-its-all-about-the-terpenes/ 'Multiple Sclerosis & Cannabis: It’s All About The Terpenes'], a 2017 article * [https://cannacon.org/15-terpenes-cannabis-explained/ '15 terpenes in cannabis explained'], a 2018 article by CannaCon.org * [https://www.fundacion-canna.es/en/terpenes 'Terpenes' by Fundación CANNA], a non-profit organization dedicated to scientific studies and cannabis testing * [http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2019/mar/01/why-terpenes/ 'Why terpenes are becoming more important than THC'], a 2019 articleon the Spokesman.com ---- === Synthetic cannabinoids === '''[[w:Synthetic cannabinoids|Synthetic cannabinoids]]''' are a class of molecules that [[w:Binding affinity|bind]] to [[w:cannabinoid receptor|cannabinoid receptor]]s in the body — the same receptors to which [[w:Tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]] and [[w:Cannabidiol|CBD]] attach – which are [[w:cannabinoid|cannabinoid]]s in [[w:cannabis|cannabis]] plants. (Wikipedia) '''Word of caution''': Many synthetic cannabinoids are '''dangerous''' and should not be administered by others than medical professionals. * [[w:List of designer drugs#Synthetic cannabinoids|List of synthetic cannabinoids on Wikipedia]] * [[w:Structural scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids|Structural scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids on Wikipedia]] ''' Links about synthetic cannabinoids ''' * [https://www.calgarycmmc.com/acea.htm CalgaryMMC.com lists ACEA] so this isn't one is probably not one of the harmful ones '''[[w:Arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide|Arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide]]''' (ACEA) is a synthetic agonist of the [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] receptor. (Wikipedia) === Other plants that contain compounds that are active in cannabinoid receptors === # '''[[w:Echinacea|Echinacea]]''' contains N-alkyl[[w:amide|amide]]s, that function via cannabimemetics to provide immune-boosting and is also used to relieve anxiety, fatigue, migraines and arthritis.<ref name="LLF2018">https://livelovefruit.com/8-non-marijuana-plants-contain-cannabinoids/</ref> # '''[[w:Black pepper|Black pepper]]''' contains high levels of the [[w:terpene|terpene]] called [[w:Caryophyllene|β-caryophyllene]] (BCP). BCP functions as a cannabinoid, and has a binding affinity with the CB<sub>2</sub> receptor.<ref name="LLF2018"/> # '''[[w:Flax|Flax]]''' (linen) seeds produce cannabinoid-like compounds very similar to CBD.<ref name="LLF2018"/> # '''[[w:Cocoa bean|Cacao]]''' contains lots of magnesium, but also "happy-brain" chemicals like [[w:theobromine|theobromine]], [[w:phenethylamine|phenethylamine]], [[w:tryptophan|tryptophan]], and [[w:anandamide|anandamide]]. Cacao affects the endocannabinoid system by deactivating the enzyme called [[w:FAAH|FAAH]]. This enzyme breaks down the endocannabinoid known as anandamide.<ref name="LLF2018"/> # '''[[w:Tuber melanosporum|Black truffle]]s''' contain anandamide.<ref name="LLF2018"/> # '''[[w:Helichrysum|Helichrysum]] umbraculigerum''' contains cannabigerol (CBG).<ref name="LLF2018"/> # '''[[w:Rhododendron|Rhododendron]] anthopogonoides''' (Chinese Labrador) contains anthopogocyclolic acid and anthopogochromenic acid and five related compounds known as synthetic analogues of cannabinoids: [[w:cannabichromene|cannabichromene]] (CBC) type, [[w:cannabicyclol|cannabicyclol]] (CBL) type and cannabicitran (CBT) type, have been isolated together with geranyl orsellinic acid. <ref name="LLF2018"/> #'''[[w:Marchantiophyta|Liverwort]]''' contains [[w:Perrottetinene|Perrottetinene]], a cannabinoid similar to THC.<ref name="NewsweekLiverwort2018">https://www.newsweek.com/medical-marijuana-moss-plant-acts-thc-cannabis-1184661</ref><ref name="LLF2018"/> * https://herb.co/learn/non-marijuana-plants-contain-cannabinoids/ * https://livelovefruit.com/8-non-marijuana-plants-contain-cannabinoids/ * https://www.marijuana.com/news/2017/05/9-plants-that-contain-therapeutic-cannabinoids/
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