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= Garden = == Blackberries == [[File:Ripe,_ripening,_and_green_blackberries.jpg|right|thumb|240px|Ripe, ripening and raw [[w:blackberries|blackberries]]]] '''[[w:Blackberries|Blackberries]]''' kill antibiotic resistant [[w:staphylococcus aureus|staphylococcus aureus]] bacteria<ref name="PubMed2017BlacberriesAntibiotic">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28270804</ref>. Irish teen awarded prize for discovery.<ref name="blackberries1> https://www.hygiene-in-practice.com/publication/student-discovers-blackberry-antibiotic-for-multi-resistant-pathogens/</ref> '''Uses''' # [[#Antibiotic blackberries|Antibiotic]] ---- == Burseraceae - The frankincense and myrrh family == {{Q|The '''Burseraceae''' are a moderate-sized [[w:family (biology)|family]] of 17-19 [[w:genus|genera]] and about 540 [[w:species]] of [[w:flowering plant]]s. The actual numbers differ according to the time period in which a given source is written describing this family. The Burseraceae are also known as the '''torchwood''' family,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dimmitt|first1=Mark A.|title=Burseraceae (torchwood family)|url=https://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_burseraceae.php|website=Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum|publisher=Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum|access-date=13 March 2016}}</ref> the [[w:frankincense]] and [[w:myrrh]] family, or simply the '''incense tree family'''. The family includes both [[w:tree]]s and [[w:shrub]]s, and is native to tropical regions of [[w:Africa]], [[w:Asia]]. [[w:Australasia]], and the [[w:Americas]].|Wikipedia|[[w:Burseraceae]]<ref>quote fetched 2022-10-17 from version https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burseraceae&oldid=1068780504</ref> }} === Boswellia - Frankincense === [[File:Fiori-Boswellia.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A flowering [[w:Boswellia sacra|Boswellia sacra]] tree]] '''[[w:Boswellia|Boswellia]]''' is a [[w:genus|genus]] of [[w:tree|tree]]s in the [[w:order (biology)|order]] [[w:Sapindales|Sapindales]], known for their fragrant [[w:resin|resin]]. The biblical incense '''[[w:frankincense]]''' was an extract from the resin of the tree ''[[w:Boswellia sacra|Boswellia sacra]]'', and is now produced also from ''[[w:Boswellia frereana|B. frereana]]''. (Wikipedia) {{Q|'''Frankincense''' (also known as '''olibanum''') is an [[w:Aroma compound|aromatic]] [[w:resin]] used in [[w:incense]] and [[w:perfume]]s, obtained from trees of the genus ''[[w:Boswellia]]'' in the [[w:family (biology)|family]] [[w:Burseraceae]]. The word is from [[w:Old French]] {{lang|fro|franc encens}} ('high-quality incense').|Wikipedia|[[w:Frankincense]]<ref>quote sourced on 2022-10-17 from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frankincense&oldid=1112800088</ref>}} In vitro studies have found boswellia sacra essential oil to induce [[w:apoptosis]] and to suppress tumor agressiveness in [[#Breast cancer]]<ref name="BoswelliaBreastCancer2011">https://bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6882-11-129 'Boswellia sacra essential oil induces tumor cell-specific apoptosis and suppresses tumor aggressiveness in cultured human breast cancer cells'], a 2011 in vitro study</ref> ''' Medical professional testifies to frankincense oil killing cancer ''' ''' Links to articles about frankincense healing '''' * [https://www.getholistichealth.com/78078/frankincense-outperform-chemo-killing-ovarian-cancer-cells/ 'Frankincense found to outperform chemo in killing Ovarian Cancer cells'] 2019 popular article on GetHolisticHealth.com === Commiphora - Myrrhs === {{Q|The genus of the myrrhs, '''''Commiphora''''', is the most species-rich [[w:genus]] of [[w:flowering plant]]s in the [[w:frankincense]] and [[w:myrrh]] family, [[w:Burseraceae]]. The genus contains approximately 190 species of [[w:shrub]]s and [[w:tree]]s, which are distributed throughout the (sub-) tropical regions of [[w:Africa]], the western Indian Ocean islands, the [[w:Arabian Peninsula]], [[w:India]], and [[w:South America]].<ref>Daly et al. 2011. Burseraceae. Families and genera of vascular plants. 10:76–104.</ref><ref name="Weeks, A 2007">Weeks, A. and Simpson, B.B. 2007. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Commiphora (Burseraceae) yields insight on the evolution and historical biogeography of an “impossible” genus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 42:62–79.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Commiphora Jacq. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331509-2 |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref> The genus is drought-tolerant and common throughout the [[w:Xerophyte|xerophytic]] [[w:Scrubland|scrub]], [[w:Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|seasonally dry tropical forests]], and [[w:woodland]]s of these regions.|Wikipedia|Commiphora<ref>quote fetched 2022-10-17 from version https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commiphora&oldid=1086242825</ref>}} ---- == Cannabis == [[File:Cannabis sativa kz05.jpg|thumb|left|300px|[[w:Cannabis sativa|Cannabis sativa]] seedling in Poland could use a little water.]] [[File:Marijuana.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Rare 11-leafer [[w:Cannabis sativa|Cannabis sativa]]]] '''Cannabis''' is the oldest and most versatile medicine known to humankind. '''[[w:Cannabis sativa|Cannabis sativa]]''' and '''[[w:Cannabis indica|Cannabis indica]]''' are the main cannabis variants though most strains are mixes of these. A third cannabis line is the '''[[w:Cannabis ruderalis|Cannabis ruderalis]]''', a rugged northern cannabis that has adapted to flower even under northern long summer days. === Cannabis therapeutics === [[File:Cannabis sativa 001.JPG|thumb|right|360px|Male [[w:Cannabis sativa|Cannabis sativa]] plants in late flowering stages.]] Cannabis can be applied to treat a wide assortment of illnesses. In this case it is called [[w:medical cannabis|medical cannabis]]. Some sources report cannabis useful against # [[#Alzheimer's and cannabis]] - very strong evidence from in vivo studies # [[#Autoimmune diseases and cannabis]] ## [[#Rheumatoid arthritis and cannabis]] ## [[#Lupus and cannabis]] ## [[#Coeliac disease and cannabis]] ## [[#Psoriasis and cannabis]] # [[#Antibiotic cannabis leaves]] # [[#Asthma and cannabis]] - bronchodialator # [[#Autism and cannabis]] - many miracle stories # [[#Cancers and cannabis]] - strong evidence of anti-cancer properties ## [[#Brain cancer and cannabis]] ## [[#Breast cancer and cannabis]] ## [[#Cervical cancer and cannabis]] ## [[#Colon cancer and cannabis]] ## [[#Langerhans cell sarcoma and cannabis]] ## [[#Leukemia and cannabis]] ## [[#Lymphoid leukemia and cannabis]] ## [[#Myeloid leukemia and cannabis]] ## [[#Liver cancer and cannabis]] ## [[#Lung cancer and cannabis]] ## [[#Lymphoma and cannabis]] ## [[#Oral cancer and cannabis]] ## [[#Ovarian cancer and cannabis]] ## [[#Pancreatic cancer and cannabis]] ## [[#Prostate cancer and cannabis]] ## [[#Skin cancer and cannabis]] ## [[#Melanoma and cannabis]] ## [[#Testicular cancer and cannabis]] ## [[#Thyroid cancer and cannabis]] # [[#Crohn's disease and cannabis]] # [[#Epilepsy and cannabis]] - very promising results # [[#Dravet syndrome and cannabis]] # [[#Dermatological conditions and cannabis]] # [[#Migraines and cannabis]] # [[#Pain and cannabis]] # [[#Parkinson's disease and cannabis]] # [[#Non-somatic issues with cannabis]] ## [[#Depression and cannabis]] ## [[#Psychosis and cannabis]] ## [[#PTSD and cannabis]] # Scleroses ## [[#Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and cannabis]] ## [[#Multiple sclerosis (MS) and cannabis]] # [[#Respiratory diseases]] ## [[#COVID-19 and cannabis]] ## [[#SARS and cannabis]] # [[#Seizures and cannabis]] # [[#Strokes and cannabis]] # [[#Traumatic brain injury and cannabis]] Due to the inbuilt default to always take the safe route and also to backup the back of your fellow MD colleague the Wikipedia does not yield the right infos on how useful and versatile a medication cannabis is. Research has been held back by arcane laws even as cannabis is the oldest medicine known to man and it should be gladly appreciated and not outlawed because of big pharma interests. ==== Medical cannabis research and information organizations ==== * [https://www.cannabis-med.org/ International Association for Cannabinoid Medicines at Cannabis-med.org] is also available in German, French, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese and Italian ** [http://www.cannabis-med.org/studies/study.php Searchable database of clinical studies and case reports at Cannabis-Med.org] ** [http://www.cannabis-med.org/english/studies.htm Studies and case reports in .html at Cannabis-Med.org] ** [http://www.cannabis-med.org/english/studies.pdf .pdf of clinical studies and case reports at Cannabis-Med.org] * [http://www.ccic.net/ The Canadian Consortium for the Investigation of Cannabinoids] is a Canadian non-profit organization * [https://www.cmcr.ucsd.edu/ The Center for Medicinal Cannabis Research] at the [[w:University of California, San Diego|University of California]] * [https://www.medicinalcannabis.nsw.gov.au/ Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research and Innovation] by the govt of [[w:New South Wales|New South Wales]] ==== External links about cannabis as medicine ==== * http://www.calgarycmmc.com/ a large compendium on medical cannabis sorted alphabetically by ailment. * http://www.cannabisconnections.tk/2018/03/700-medicinal-uses-of-cannabis-sorted.html * http://expand-your-consciousness.com/100-scientific-studies-agree-cannabis-annihilates-cancer/ about 100 nih.gov studies linked some cases briefly described. * https://healer.com/ - a website by Dr. Dustin Sulak D.O. - a renowned integrative medicine physician based in Maine, whose practice balances the principles of osteopathy, mind-body medicine and medical cannabis. * [https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/medical-marijuana-2018011513085 Harvard Health Blog article on medical cannabis] is naturally very reserved about not raising too much hopes * [https://www.learngreenflower.com/articles/574/medical-uses-of-cannabis 71 medical uses of cannabis compiled by LearnGreenFlower.com] * http://medicalcannabisreport.com/700-medicinal-uses-of-cannabis-sorted-by-disease/ (.pdf from 2012 downloadable from the linked page) * https://www.rxleaf.com/clinical-research-into-cannabis-for-cancer-has-never-been-better/ ==== Literature about cannabis as a medicine ==== * [https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/14765381/2011/163/7 BPJ Volume 163, Issue 7 - 'Special Issue:Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine, Part I.'] a 2011 special issue of [[w:British Journal of Pharmacology]]. * [https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/14765381/176/10 'Special Issue: Themed Section 8th European Workshop on Cannabinoid Research'], Volume 176, Issue 10 of the British Journal of Pharmacology. * [https://www.nap.edu/read/9586/chapter/1 MARIJUANA AS MEDICINE? - The Science Beyond the Controversy (full book online)], a somewhat skeptical and reserved book published in 2000 that you can read online from The National Academies Press. * [http://rxmarijuana.com/excerpts.htm MARIHUANA: THE FORBIDDEN MEDICINE (excerpts from the book online)], a 1997 book by Lester Grinspoon, M.D and James Bakalar, J.D * [https://www.intechopen.com/books/recent-advances-in-cannabinoid-research 'Recent Advances in Cannabinoid Research'], a 2019 open access peer-reviewed edited volume (available online and in hard copy) ---- ==== Anecdotal testimonies about medical cannabis ==== * [https://www.calgarycmmc.com/anecdotal.htm Anecdotal testimonies on medical cannabis at calgarymmc.com] * [http://rxmarijuana.com/comments_and_observations.htm Anecdotal testimonies on medical cannabis at rxmarijuana.com] === The endocannabinoid system === ''' Main article in wikipedia [[w:Endocannabinoid system|Endocannabinoid system]]''' Endocannabinoids are synthesized by our own bodies from '''[[w:Arachidonic acid|Arachidonic acid]]''', an essential [[w:Polyunsaturated fat|polyunsaturated]] [[w:Omega-6 fatty acid|Omega-6 fatty acid]]<ref name=wakeup-world-com>https://wakeup-world.com/2014/09/08/the-endocannabinoid-system-and-how-thc-cures-cancer/</ref>. '''Scientific articles about the endocannabinoid system''' * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23551849/ 'Modulating the endocannabinoid system in human health and disease--successes and failures'], a 2013 scientific article * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3951193/ 'Care and Feeding of the Endocannabinoid System: A Systematic Review of Potential Clinical Interventions that Upregulate the Endocannabinoid System'], a 2014 article * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3677644/ 'Fatty Acid Modulation of the Endocannabinoid System and the Effect on Food Intake and Metabolism'], a 2013 article * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5685274/ 'The endocannabinoid system in pain and inflammation: Its relevance to rheumatic disease'], a 2017 article * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5042796/ 'Endocannabinoid system: Role in depression, reward and pain control' (Review)], a 2016 article * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3951193/ 'Care and Feeding of the Endocannabinoid System: A Systematic Review of Potential Clinical Interventions that Upregulate the Endocannabinoid System'], a 2014 systematic review * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3677644/ 'Fatty Acid Modulation of the Endocannabinoid System and the Effect on Food Intake and Metabolism'], a 2013 study * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5685274/ 'The endocannabinoid system in pain and inflammation: Its relevance to rheumatic disease'], a 2017 article * [http://www.neuronalsignaling.org/content/2/4/NS20170144 'Potential for endocannabinoid system modulation in ocular pain and inflammation: filling the gaps in current pharmacological options'], a 2018 article * [https://www.intechopen.com/books/cannabinoids-in-health-and-disease/dietary-omega-6-omega-3-and-endocannabinoids-implications-for-brain-health-and-diseases 'Dietary Omega-6/Omega-3 and Endocannabinoids: Implications for Brain Health and Diseases'], a 2016 peer-reviewed chapter. * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/42369817_Endocannabinoids_and_pregnancy 'Endocannabinoids and pregnancy'], a 2010 literature review * [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/02/190206115550.htm 'Endocannabinoid system, a target to improve cognitive disorders in models of Down syndrome'], a 2019 animal model study found downregulating CB1 receptors beneficial for the mice. * [https://www.jyi.org/2018-june/2018/6/1/the-endocannabinoid-system-our-universal-regulator 'The Endocannabinoid System, Our Universal Regulator'], a 2018 undergraduate research paper published in the Journal of Young Investigators ''' Articles about the endocannabinoid system ''' * [https://norml.org/library/item/introduction-to-the-endocannabinoid-system 'Introduction to the Endocannabinoid System'] at [[w:National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws|NORML]] (.org) * [https://www.medicinalgenomics.com/endocannabinoid-basics/ 'Endocannabinoid Basics' at MedicinalGenomics.com] * [https://hempedification.wordpress.com/2016/08/06/how-and-why-your-brain-makes-its-own-cannabinoids/ 'How and Why Your Brain Makes its Own Cannabinoids'], a 2016 article by Hemp Edification blog * [https://hempedification.wordpress.com/2017/08/05/endocannabinoids-beyond-the-brain/ Endocannabinoids – Beyond the Brain] is a good 2017 article on the Hemp Edification blog] adapted from [https://www.the-scientist.com/features/your-body-is-teeming-with-weed-receptors-31233 Your Body Is Teeming with Weed Receptors, a 2017 article on the website the-scientist.com] and [https://www.the-scientist.com/multimedia/endocannabinoids-in-the-groove-31240 Endocannabinoids in the Groove, a 2017 article on the website the-scientist.com] * http://profofpot.com/endocannabinoid-receptors/ ==== The endocannabinoid receptors ==== [[File:Stock-vector-human-endocannabinoid-system-target-active-in-male-and-female-body-1237262152.jpg|thumb|right|520px|Prevalence of endocannabinoid receptors in the human body. Photo credit: [https://www.shutterstock.com/g/Thanasp ThanasStudio]]] Human body contains 2 types of endocannabinoid [[w:Cannabinoid receptor|receptors]] [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] and [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 2|CB<sub>2</sub>]], but cannabinoids have interactions also on some other receptors. ===== CB<sub>1</sub> receptors ===== CB<sub>1</sub> receptors predominantly located in the nervous system, connective tissues, gonads, glands, and organs<ref name=p4mm>https://patients4medicalmarijuana.wordpress.com/2017/07/06/how-and-why-your-brain-makes-its-own-cannabinoids/</ref>. ===== CB<sub>2</sub> receptors ===== CB<sub>2</sub> receptors, primarily found in the immune system and also present in the spleen, liver, heart, kidneys, bones, blood vessels, lymph cells, endocrine glands, and reproductive organs<ref name=p4mm/>. ==== Endocannabinoids ==== [[File:Anandamid.svg|thumb|200px|[[w:Anandamide|Anandamide]], an endogenous [[w:ligand|ligand]] of CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub>]] The two main endocannabinoids are Anandamide and 2-AG. ===== Anandamide ===== [[w:Anandamide|Anandamide]] was discovered in 1992 and it binds to both CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub> receptors. The name comes from the [[w:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]] word 'Ananda' meaning 'bliss' and [[w:amide|amide]] from its chemistry. It has been referred to as the endocannabinoid version of THC. '''Synthesis''' of '''Anandamide''': Arachidonic acid -> Phosphatidylethanolamide + N-[[w:Acyltransferase|Acyltransferase]] -> N-arachidonoyl phosphatidylethanolamine + [[w:Phospholipase D|Phospholipase D]] -> [[w:Anandamide|Anandamide]]<ref name="EJR2017">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5685274/</ref> * [https://herb.co/marijuana/news/anandamide-aea Herb.co on Anandamide] ===== 2-AG ===== [[File:2-Ara-Gl.svg|thumb|right|200px|2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is an endogenous [[w:agonist|agonist]] of the [[w:CB1 receptor|CB<sub>1</sub> receptor]].]] [[w:2-Arachidonoylglycerol|2-Arachidonoylglycerol]] aka. 2-AG was discovered in 1994-1995. '''Synthesis''' of '''2-AG''': Arachidonic acid -> [[w:Phosphatidylinositol|Phosphatidylinositol]] + [[w:Phospholipase C|Phospholipase C]]s -> [[w:Diacylglycerol]] + Diacylglycerol lipase -> [[w:2-AG|2-AG]]<ref name="EJR2017"/> ===== N-Arachidonoyl dopamine ===== [[w:N-Arachidonoyl dopamine|N-Arachidonoyl dopamine]] discovered in 2000. ===== 2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether ===== [[w:2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether|2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether]] discovered in 2001. ===== Virodhamine ===== [[w:Virodhamine|Virodhamine]] discovered in 2002 ===== Lysophosphatidylinositol ===== [[w:Lysophosphatidylinositol|Lysophosphatidylinositol]] is a contender to be the 6th endocannabinoid. ---- === Phytocannabinoids === [[File:Cannabis indica.jpg|thumb|left|360px|Female [[w:Cannabis indica|Cannabis indica]] plants. These are often good for pain relief producing a nice body stone.]] Many people may know the 2 most prevalent phytocannabinoids, [[w:THC|THC]] and [[w:Cannabidiol|CBD]]. ''' Studies about phytocannabinoids ''' * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19729208 'Non-psychotropic plant cannabinoids: new therapeutic opportunities from an ancient herb.'], a 2009 article * [https://www.intechopen.com/books/recent-advances-in-cannabinoid-research/the-united-chemicals-of-cannabis-beneficial-effects-of-cannabis-phytochemicals-on-the-brain-and-cogn 'The United Chemicals of Cannabis: Beneficial Effects of Cannabis Phytochemicals on the Brain and Cognition'], a 2018 open-access peer-reviewed chapter in Recent Advances in Cannabinoid Research ''' Links about phytocannabinoids ''' * [https://hightimes.com/guides/cannabinoids/ High Times article on cannabinoids] * [https://www.hempgazette.com/medical-cannabis/cannabinoids-list/ HempGazette big list of cannabis cannabinoids]. Sourced from <ref name="Brenneisen2007">https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-59259-947-9_2</ref> '''List of known phytocannabinoids from [[w:Cannabinoid#Phytocannabinoids|Wikipedia]]''': *[[#THC|THC]] ([[w:Tetrahydrocannabinol|Tetrahydrocannabinol]]) *[[#THCA|THCA]] ([[w:Tetrahydrocannbinolic acid|Tetrahydrocannbinolic acid]]) *[[#CBD|CBD]] ([[w:Cannabidiol|Cannabidiol]]) *[[#CBDA|CBDA]] (Cannabidiolic Acid) * [[#CBN|CBN]] ([[w:Cannabinol|Cannabinol]]) * [[#CBG|CBG]] ([[w:Cannabigerol|Cannabigerol]]) * [[#CBC|CBC]] ([[w:Cannabichromene|Cannabichromene]]) * [[#CBL|CBL]] ([[w:Cannabicyclol|Cannabicyclol]]) * [[#CBV|CBV]] ([[w:Cannabivarin|Cannabivarin]]) * [[#THCV|THCV]] ([[w:Tetrahydrocannabivarin|Tetrahydrocannabivarin]]) * [[#CBDV|CBDV]] ([[w:Cannabidivarin|Cannabidivarin]]) * [[#CBCV|CBCV]] (Cannabichromevarin) * [[#CBGV|CBGV]] (Cannabigerovarin) * [[#CBGM|CBGM]] (Cannabigerol Monomethyl Ether) * [[#CBE|CBE]] (Cannabielsoin) * [[#CBT|CBT]] (Cannabicitran) ==== THC ==== [[File:Tetrahydrocannabinol.svg|thumb|right|200px|[[w:Tetrahydrocannabinol|Tetrahydrocannabinol]] is a partial [[w:agonist|agonist]] of [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] located mainly in the [[w:central nervous system|central nervous system]], and the [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 2|CB<sub>2</sub>]] receptor mainly expressed in cells of the [[w:immune system|immune system]].]] [[w:Tetrahydrocannabinol|Tetrahydrocannabinol]] was found in 1964<ref name="enwiki_thc">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol</ref> and it is the main psychoactive compound that brings the 'high' most recreational users are chasing. * [https://hightimes.com/health/science/thc-tetrahydrocannabinol/ Hightimes in-depth article on THC] * [https://hightimes.com/culture/therapeutic-benefits-dabbing-delta-8-thc/ Hightimes article on Delta-8 THC] ==== THCA ==== [[w:Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid|Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid]] THCA is the what cannabis plants produce to fend off insects from harming it. In pure form THCA is a clear translucent crystalline of white color. THC is produced from the raw THCA by a process called decarboxylation. Basically means to heat the stuff over certain temperature. THCA found in raw marijuana apparently has some health enhancing properties. The issue is being researched. * https://herb.co/news/health/raw-weed-benefits/ * https://herb.co/learn/eat-raw-weed-marijuana/ * https://thefreshtoast.com/cannabis/marijuanas-thc-a-as-an-anti-inflammatory-and-neuro-protectant/ ==== CBD ==== [[File:Cannabidiol.svg|thumb|left|200px|[[w:Cannabidiol|Cannabidiol]] has very low [[w:affinity (pharmacology)|affinity]] for the [[w:cannabinoid receptor|cannabinoid]] [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] and [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 2|CB<sub>2</sub>]] receptors receptors but acts as an indirect [[w:receptor antagonist|antagonist]] of cannabinoid [[w:agonist|agonist]]s.]] [[File:Stock-vector-hemp-cbd-wellness-and-your-body-health-benefits-of-cannabidiol-cbd-from-cannabis-hemp-marijuana-1266680014.jpg|thumb|right|540px|Health benefits of CBD. Photo credit: [https://www.shutterstock.com/g/Thanasp ThanasStudio]]] [[w:Cannabidiol|Cannabidiol]] was isolated and identified from Cannabis sativa in 1940<ref name="enwiki_thc"/>. CBD is not psychoactive and it has the most medical applications of all phytocannabinoids. {{Q|Cannabidiol has little affinity for [[w:Cannabinoid receptor#CB1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] and [[w:Cannabinoid receptor#CB2|CB<sub>2</sub>]] receptors but acts as an indirect [[w:Receptor antagonist|antagonist]] of cannabinoid [[w:agonist|agonist]]s.<ref name="recentadvances">{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/cbdv.200790147 |title=Cannabidiol – Recent Advances |year=2007 |last1=Mechoulam |first1=Raphael |last2=Peters |first2=Maximilian |last3=Murillo-Rodriguez |first3=Eric |last4=Hanuš |first4=Lumír O. |journal=Chemistry & Biodiversity |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=1678–92 |pmid=17712814}}</ref>|Wikipedia|[[w:Cannabinoid#Cannabidiol|Cannabidiol]]}} * [https://hightimes.com/health/cannabidiol-cbd/ Hightimes in detail piece on CBD] * [https://www.leafly.com/news/strains-products/what-cannabis-strains-are-high-in-cbd Leafly lists strains high in CBD] * [https://www.marijuanabreak.com/best-cbd-oils-pain-relief Piece on CBD as anti-pain agent (contains ads)] * [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278584618308340?via%3Dihub 'Cannabidiol attenuates aggressive behavior induced by social isolation in mice: Involvement of 5-HT1A and CB1 receptors'], a 2019 study published in the [[w:Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry]]. Cannabidiol effects were mediated by CB1 and 5-HT1A receptors. * [http://www.who.int/medicines/access/controlled-substances/5.2_CBD.pdf WHO preliminary report on CBD] ==== CBDA ==== Cannabidiolic Acid is the raw form. Decarboxylating CBDA yields CBD. * https://herb.co/learn/cbda/ ==== CBN ==== [[w:Cannabinol|Cannabinol]] is a sleeping aid and has also other therapeutic qualities. * https://www.leafly.com/news/science-tech/what-is-cbn-and-what-are-the-benefits-of-this-cannabinoid * https://www.massroots.com/learn/cannabinol-cbn-cannabinoid/ * https://www.medicaljane.com/2013/08/19/cannabinol-cbn-will-put-you-to-bed/ ==== CBG ==== [[w:Cannabigerol|Cannabigerol]] {{Q|Cannabigerol has been shown to promote [[w:apoptosis|apoptosis]] in cancer cells and inhibit tumor growth in mice. It acts as an [[w:a2-adrenergic receptor|α<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic receptor]] agonist, [[w:5-HT1A receptor|5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptor]] antagonist, and CB<sub>1</sub> receptor antagonist.<ref name="pmid20002104">{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00515.x |title=Evidence that the plant cannabinoid cannabigerol is a highly potent α2-adrenoceptor agonist and moderately potent 5HT1A receptor antagonist |year=2010 |last1=Cascio |first1=MG |last2=Gauson |first2=LA |last3=Stevenson |first3=LA |last4=Ross |first4=RA |last5=Pertwee |first5=RG |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology |volume=159 |pages=129–41 |pmid=20002104 |issue=1 |pmc=2823359}}</ref> It also binds to the CB<sub>2</sub> receptor.<ref name="pmid20002104" />|Wikipedia|[[w:Cannabinoid#Cannabigerol|Cannabigerol]]}} ''' Links about CBG ''' * https://comparecbd.com/cbg/ ==== CBC ==== [[w:Cannabichromene|Cannabichromene]] ==== CBL ==== [[w:Cannabicyclol|Cannabicyclol]] ==== CBV ==== [[w:Cannabivarin|Cannabivarin]] ==== THCV ==== [[w:Tetrahydrocannabivarin|Tetrahydrocannabivarin]] can be used to inhibit appetite. ''' Links about THCV ''' * http://herb.co/2017/04/14/tetrahydrocannabivarin-thcv/ ==== CBDV ==== [[w:Cannabidivarin|Cannabidivarin]] ==== CBCV ==== Cannabichromevarin ==== CBGV ==== Cannabigerovarin ==== CBGM ==== Cannabigerol Monomethyl Ether ==== CBE ==== Cannabielsoin ==== CBT ==== Cannabicitran ---- === Making cannabinoids with yeasts === Scientists have figured out how to splice the DNA of yeasts, so that they produce cannabinoids.<ref name="GlobalHealthTimes2019">http://globalhealthtimes.com/2019/03/06/scientists-are-making-thc-and-cbd-in-a-lab-without-growing/</ref> ---- === Cannflavins === '''[[w:Cannflavin|Cannaflavins]]''' '''A''' and '''B''' are very potent anti-inflammatory agents and thus help lessen the pain sensation originating from inflammation. ''' Scientific articles about cannflavins ''' * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31151063 'Biosynthesis of cannflavins A and B from Cannabis sativa L.'], published in 2019 in [[w:Phytochemistry (journal)|Phytochemistry]] found results that imply the following reaction sequence for cannflavins A and B biosynthesis: [[w:luteolin|luteolin]] ► [[w:chrysoeriol|chrysoeriol]] ► cannflavin A and cannflavin B. ''' Links about cannflavins ''' * https://www.inverse.com/article/58027-cannflavins-a-and-b-in-cannabis-anti-inflammatory ---- === Terpenes in cannabis === '''Terpenes''' are a large and diverse [[w:Organic chemistry#Classification of organic compounds|class]] of [[w:organic compound|organic compound]]s, produced by a variety of [[w:plant|plant]]s, particularly [[w:Pinophyta|conifers]], and by some [[w:insect]]s.<ref name=book>{{cite book|title=Terpenes: Flavors, Fragrances, Pharmaca, Pheromones|author=Eberhard Breitmaier|year= 2006|isbn=9783527609949 |doi=10.1002/9783527609949|publisher=Wiley-VCH}}</ref> '''Links about terpenes found in cannabis''' * [http://www.bbhwithms.com/multiple-sclerosis-cannabis-its-all-about-the-terpenes/ 'Multiple Sclerosis & Cannabis: It’s All About The Terpenes'], a 2017 article * [https://cannacon.org/15-terpenes-cannabis-explained/ '15 terpenes in cannabis explained'], a 2018 article by CannaCon.org * [https://www.fundacion-canna.es/en/terpenes 'Terpenes' by Fundación CANNA], a non-profit organization dedicated to scientific studies and cannabis testing * [http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2019/mar/01/why-terpenes/ 'Why terpenes are becoming more important than THC'], a 2019 articleon the Spokesman.com ---- === Synthetic cannabinoids === '''[[w:Synthetic cannabinoids|Synthetic cannabinoids]]''' are a class of molecules that [[w:Binding affinity|bind]] to [[w:cannabinoid receptor|cannabinoid receptor]]s in the body — the same receptors to which [[w:Tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]] and [[w:Cannabidiol|CBD]] attach – which are [[w:cannabinoid|cannabinoid]]s in [[w:cannabis|cannabis]] plants. (Wikipedia) '''Word of caution''': Many synthetic cannabinoids are '''dangerous''' and should not be administered by others than medical professionals. * [[w:List of designer drugs#Synthetic cannabinoids|List of synthetic cannabinoids on Wikipedia]] * [[w:Structural scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids|Structural scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids on Wikipedia]] ''' Links about synthetic cannabinoids ''' * [https://www.calgarycmmc.com/acea.htm CalgaryMMC.com lists ACEA] so this isn't one is probably not one of the harmful ones '''[[w:Arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide|Arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide]]''' (ACEA) is a synthetic agonist of the [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] receptor. (Wikipedia) === Other plants that contain compounds that are active in cannabinoid receptors === # '''[[w:Echinacea|Echinacea]]''' contains N-alkyl[[w:amide|amide]]s, that function via cannabimemetics to provide immune-boosting and is also used to relieve anxiety, fatigue, migraines and arthritis.<ref name="LLF2018">https://livelovefruit.com/8-non-marijuana-plants-contain-cannabinoids/</ref> # '''[[w:Black pepper|Black pepper]]''' contains high levels of the [[w:terpene|terpene]] called [[w:Caryophyllene|β-caryophyllene]] (BCP). BCP functions as a cannabinoid, and has a binding affinity with the CB<sub>2</sub> receptor.<ref name="LLF2018"/> # '''[[w:Flax|Flax]]''' (linen) seeds produce cannabinoid-like compounds very similar to CBD.<ref name="LLF2018"/> # '''[[w:Cocoa bean|Cacao]]''' contains lots of magnesium, but also "happy-brain" chemicals like [[w:theobromine|theobromine]], [[w:phenethylamine|phenethylamine]], [[w:tryptophan|tryptophan]], and [[w:anandamide|anandamide]]. Cacao affects the endocannabinoid system by deactivating the enzyme called [[w:FAAH|FAAH]]. This enzyme breaks down the endocannabinoid known as anandamide.<ref name="LLF2018"/> # '''[[w:Tuber melanosporum|Black truffle]]s''' contain anandamide.<ref name="LLF2018"/> # '''[[w:Helichrysum|Helichrysum]] umbraculigerum''' contains cannabigerol (CBG).<ref name="LLF2018"/> # '''[[w:Rhododendron|Rhododendron]] anthopogonoides''' (Chinese Labrador) contains anthopogocyclolic acid and anthopogochromenic acid and five related compounds known as synthetic analogues of cannabinoids: [[w:cannabichromene|cannabichromene]] (CBC) type, [[w:cannabicyclol|cannabicyclol]] (CBL) type and cannabicitran (CBT) type, have been isolated together with geranyl orsellinic acid. <ref name="LLF2018"/> #'''[[w:Marchantiophyta|Liverwort]]''' contains [[w:Perrottetinene|Perrottetinene]], a cannabinoid similar to THC.<ref name="NewsweekLiverwort2018">https://www.newsweek.com/medical-marijuana-moss-plant-acts-thc-cannabis-1184661</ref><ref name="LLF2018"/> * https://herb.co/learn/non-marijuana-plants-contain-cannabinoids/ * https://livelovefruit.com/8-non-marijuana-plants-contain-cannabinoids/ * https://www.marijuana.com/news/2017/05/9-plants-that-contain-therapeutic-cannabinoids/ == Administering cannabis == There are various other ways to administer cannabis methods besides smoking it: === Vaping cannabis === [[File:Shatter marijuana concentrate.jpg|thumb|right|240px|[[w:Cannabis concentrate|Cannabis concentrate]] known as "shatter"]] * '''Vaping''' (short for vaporizing), a method where the plant material is heated hot enough for the cannabinoids to become gaseous but cold enough that the plant matter does not combust and thus '''avoiding the carcinogens''' that come from burning the plant matter. Vaping is also the preferred method to consume '''[[w:Cannabis concentrate|concentrates]]'''. ''' Links ''' * https://herb.co/learn/changing-vaporizer-temperature-affects-high/ ---- === Oral cannabis === [[File:Drug bottle containing cannabis.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Bottle of [[w:tincture of cannabis|cannabis tincture]]]] * '''[[w:Cannabis edible|Edibles]]''', '''[[w:Tincture of cannabis|tinctures]]''' and '''[[w:Hash oil|cannabis oil]]''' may be administered orally. Cannabinoids are soluble to alcohol and to fat and cannabis can be infused into many forms of edibles, but the problem is with efficiency as your stomach acids will destroy a lot of the cannabinoids. ''' Links ''' * [https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/edible-marijuana-candy-bars-201503127791 Harvard Health Blog on edibles] * [https://tonic.vice.com/en_us/article/bj5mza/edible-high-vs-smoke-highWhy Do Edibles Give You A Different High Than Smoking? article at tonic.vice.com] * [https://herb.co/guides/best-medical-cannabis-oil/ Herb.co guide to making cannabis oil] ('''word of caution''': the procedure is dangerous as there are '''risks of explosion''' if done wrong, so don't be toasted outta it if and when you decide to make cannabis oil) ---- === Rectal cannabis === * '''Rectal''' - some doctors recommend taking cannabis rectally as this is method of administering allows you to take very large doses efficiently.<ref name="HighTimes2017Rectal">https://hightimes.com/health/science/doctors-orders-put-marijuana-in-your-butt-dont-smoke-it/</ref> ''' Links ''' * https://hightimes.com/health/science/doctors-orders-put-marijuana-in-your-butt-dont-smoke-it/ * https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/03/05/rectal-marijuana_n_15178784.html * https://inhalemd.com/massachusetts-medical-cannabis-guide/how-to-make-cannabis-suppositories-at-home/ * https://www.leafly.com/news/health/dont-laugh-rectal-suppositories-future-medicinal-cannabis * https://www.medicaldaily.com/rectal-medical-marijuana-effective-safer-smoking-weed-suppository-wont-be-413077 * https://www.rxleaf.com/tush-kush-what-you-need-to-know-about-suppositories ---- === Topical cannabis === * '''Topicals''' - for some skin affecting conditions this is a good way to administer the medicine. Many skin condition sufferers praise the combination of cannabis and coconut oil to make a topical to apply to the affected skin. ---- === Naval cannabis === Right under the belly button there is a gland called Pechoti, which some say is a very good way to administer medical cannabis. Naval administration of medicine is a method used by the ancient [[w:Ayurveda|Ayurvedic medicine]]. ''' Links ''' * https://canna-lance.com/2018/08/27/did-you-know-you-could-consume-cannabis-like-this/ * https://www.portlandmercury.com/blogtown/2019/07/17/26809203/a-new-way-to-consume-cannabis-through-your-belly-button ---- == Celery == [[File:Céleri.jpg|thumb|right|260px|[[w:Celery]]]] * [https://livelovefruit.com/health-benefits-of-celery/ 'Health benefits of celery' at livelovefruit.com] ---- == Dandelion == [[File:DandelionFlower.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A dandelion flower]] '''[[w:Taraxacum|Dandelion]]''' root concentrates found effective against several cancers. [https://www.uwindsor.ca/dandelionrootproject/ The Dandelion Root Project] at [[w:University of Windsor|University of Windsor]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]] has studied dandelion root since 2009 and they state on on their website: {{Q|Since the commencement of this project, we have been able to successfully assess the effect of a simple water extract of dandelion root in various human cancer cell types, in the lab and we have observed its effectiveness against human [[w:Lymphoid_leukemia#T-cell_leukemias|T cell leukemia]], [[w:chronic myelomonocytic leukemia|chronic myelomonocytic leukemia]], [[w:pancreatic cancer|pancreatic]] and [[w:colon cancer|colon cancer]]s, with no toxicity to non-cancer cells. Furthermore, these efficacy studies have been confirmed in animal models (mice) that have been transplanted with human colon cancer cells.<ref name="DandelionRootProject">https://www.uwindsor.ca/dandelionrootproject/</ref>|[https://www.uwindsor.ca/dandelionrootproject/ The Dandelion Root Project]|anti-cancer properties of dandelion root water extract}} * [[#T cell leukemia and dandelion root]] * [[#Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and dandelion root]] * [[#Pancreatic cancer and dandelion root]] * [[#Colon cancer and dandelion root]] ''' Scientific studies about dandelion root and cancers ''' * [[#Prostate cancer and dandelion root]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18425335 'Evaluation of aqueous extracts of Taraxacum officinale on growth and invasion of breast and prostate cancer cells'], a 2008 study * [[#Melanoma and dandelion root]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21234313 'The efficacy of dandelion root extract in inducing apoptosis in drug-resistant human melanoma cells.'], a 2010 study * [[#Pancreatic cancer and dandelion root]][https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22647733 'Selective induction of apoptosis and autophagy through treatment with dandelion root extract in human pancreatic cancer cells.'], a 2010 study ''' Summary of known dandelion health benefits ''' * https://livelovefruit.com/health-benefits-of-dandelion/ ''' Links about dandelion and cancers ''' * [https://www.getholistichealth.com/79015/dandelion-root-kill-melanoma-leukemia/ Dandelion root ‘found to kill’ chemo-resistant melanoma and leukemia] a 2019 article at GetHolisticHealth.com chemo-resistant melanoma and leukemia.<ref name="GetHolisticHealthDandelion2019">https://www.getholistichealth.com/79015/dandelion-root-kill-melanoma-leukemia/</ref> ---- == Elderberries == [[File:Sambucus-berries.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Elderberries]] '''Elderberries''' (or Elder) belong to the genus '''[[w:Sambucus]]''' and may be useful for various kinds of flu. '''Uses''' # [[#Common cough and elderberries]] ---- == Ginger == [[File:Ginger Plant vs.jpg|thumb|left|260px|[[w:Ginger|Ginger]] plant]] '''[[w:Ginger|Ginger]]''' (''Zingiber officinale'') is a [[w:flowering plant|flowering plant]] whose [[w:rhizome|rhizome]], '''ginger root''' or ginger, is widely used as a [[w:spice|spice]] and a [[w:folk medicine|folk medicine]].<ref name=WikipediaGinger2019-11">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ginger&oldid=925126238</ref> Ginger is in the [[w:family (taxonomy)|family]] [[w:Zingiberaceae|Zingiberaceae]], which also includes [[w:turmeric|turmeric]] (''Curcuma longa''), [[w:cardamom|cardamom]] (''Elettaria cardamomum''), and [[w:galangal|galangal]].<ref name=WikipediaGinger2019-11"/> {{Q|Gingerol has been investigated [[w:in vitro]] for its effect on cancerous tumors of the bowel,<ref name="BBCGinger2003"> {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3221547.stm |date=October 29, 2003 |title=Ginger 'could halt bowel cancer' |publisher=[[w:BBC News]] }}</ref><ref name="GingerolColonCancer2009"> {{cite journal |last1=Jeong |first1=C.-H. |last2=Bode |first2=A. M. |last3=Pugliese |first3=A. |last4=Cho |first4=Y.-Y. |last5=Kim |first5=H.-G. |last6=Shim |first6=J.-H. |last7=Jeon |first7=Y.-J. |last8=Li |first8=H. |last9=Jiang |first9=H. |last10=Dong |first10=Z. |title=[6]-Gingerol Suppresses Colon Cancer Growth by Targeting Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase |journal=Cancer Research |volume=69 |issue=13 |pages=5584–91 |year=2009 |pmid=19531649 |doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-0491|display-authors=8 }}</ref> breast tissue,<ref name="BreastCancerGingerol2008"> {{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=H |last2=Seo |first2=E |last3=Kang |first3=N |last4=Kim |first4=W |title=[6]-Gingerol inhibits metastasis of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells |journal=The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=313–9 |year=2008 |pmid=17683926 |doi=10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.05.008 }}</ref> ovaries,<ref name="OvarianCancerGinger2007"> {{cite journal |last1=Rhode |first1=Jennifer |last2=Fogoros |first2=Sarah |last3=Zick |first3=Suzanna |last4=Wahl |first4=Heather |last5=Griffith |first5=Kent A |last6=Huang |first6=Jennifer |last7=Liu |first7=J Rebecca |title=Ginger inhibits cell growth and modulates angiogenic factors in ovarian cancer cells |journal=BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=7 |pages=44 |year=2007 |pmid=18096028 |pmc=2241638 |doi=10.1186/1472-6882-7-44 }}</ref> and pancreas,<ref name=PancreasCancerGinger2006"> {{cite journal |last1=Park |first1=Yon Jung |last2=Wen |first2=Jing |last3=Bang |first3=Seungmin |last4=Park |first4=Seung Woo |last5=Song |first5=Si Young |title=[6]-Gingerol Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Cell Death of Mutant p53-expressing Pancreatic Cancer Cells |journal=Yonsei Medical Journal |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=688–97 |year=2006 |pmid=17066513 |pmc=2687755 |doi=10.3349/ymj.2006.47.5.688 }}</ref> with positive results.|Wikipedia|[[w:Gingerol|Gingerol]] as of 2019-11}} ''' Scientific articles about ginger and health''' * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7644455/ ''''''Ginger and its active constituents as therapeutic agents: Recent perspectives with molecular evidences'''''' at ncbi.nlm.nih.gov], a '''2020''' literature review on the health and anti-disease effects of ginger published in International Journal of Health Sciences by [[w:Qassim University]], Saudi Arabia * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328491516_6-gingerol_content_of_ginger_Zingiber_officinale_Roscoe_by_different_drying_metthods ''''''6-gingerol content of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) by different drying methods''''''], a '''2018''' study presented at the 2018 International Congress on Botanical research in Tropical Asia * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284103333_Comparison_of_different_drying_methods_on_Chinese_ginger_Zingiberofficinale_Roscoe_Changes_in_volatiles_chemical_profile_antioxidant_properties_and_microstructure ''''''Comparison of different drying methods on Chinese ginger (Zingiberofficinale Roscoe): Changes in volatiles, chemical profile, antioxidant properties, and microstructure''''''], a '''2015''' study '''Links and reporting about ginger's health effects''' * [https://livelovefruit.com/10-scientifically-backed-reasons-to-consume-ginger/ ''''''10 Scientifically Backed Reasons Why You Should Consume Ginger Everyday'''''' at livelovefruit.com] '''Possible medical applications of ginger''' # [[#Alzheimer's and ginger]] # [[#Rheumatoid arthritis and ginger]] # [[#Breast cancer and ginger]] # [[#Colon cancer and ginger]] # [[#Leukemia and ginger]] # [[#Lung cancer and ginger]] # [[#Ovarian cancer and ginger]] # [[#Pancreatic cancer and ginger]] === Chemistry of ginger === The characteristic fragrance and flavor of ginger result from [[w:volatility (chemistry)|volatile]] [[w:essential oil|oils]] that compose 1-3% of the weight of fresh ginger, primarily consisting of [[w:zingerone|zingerone]], [[w:shogao|l]]s, and [[w:gingerol|gingerol]]s with [6]-gingerol (1-[4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl]-5-hydroxy-3-decanone) as the major pungent compound.<ref name="an">{{cite journal|displayauthors=3|vauthors=An K, Zhao D, Wang Z, Wu J, Xu Y, Xiao G|year=2016|title=Comparison of different drying methods on Chinese ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): Changes in volatiles, chemical profile, antioxidant properties, and microstructure|url=|journal=[[Food Chemistry (journal)|Food Chem.]]|volume=197|issue=Part B|pages=1292–300|doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.033|pmid=26675871|via=}}</ref> Zingerone is produced from gingerols during drying, having lower pungency and a spicy-sweet aroma.<ref name=an/> Shagoals are more pungent and have higher antioxidant activity but not found in raw ginger, but is formed from gingerols during heating, storage or via acidity.<ref name=an/><ref name="WikipediaGinger-Chemistry-2019-11">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger#Chemistry</ref> Fresh ginger also contains an enzyme [[w:zingibain|zingibain]] which is a [[w:cysteine protease|cysteine protease]] and has similar properties to [[w:rennet|rennet]].<ref name="WikipediaGinger-Chemistry-2019-11"/> [[File:Gingembre.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Ginger [[w:rhizome|rhizome]] (root)]] [https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/11-proven-benefits-of-ginger 11 health benefits of ginger at healthline.com (with sources)] # [[w:Ginger|Ginger]] contains [[w:Gingerol]], a substance with powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.<ref group="1st seen in" name="healthline-ginger2017">https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/11-proven-benefits-of-ginger</ref> # Ginger can treat many forms of nausea, especially morning sickness and chemo-induced nausea<ref group="1st seen in" name="healthline-ginger2017"/> # Ginger may reduce muscle pain and soreness <ref group="1st seen in" name="healthline-ginger2017"/> # Ginger can help with [[w:osteoarthritis]] <ref group="1st seen in" name="healthline-ginger2017"/> # Ginger may lower blood sugars <ref group="1st seen in" name="healthline-ginger2017"/> # Ginger can help treat chronic indigestion <ref group="1st seen in" name="healthline-ginger2017"/> # Ginger powder may significantly reduce menstrual pain <ref group="1st seen in" name="healthline-ginger2017"/> # Ginger may lower cholesterol levels <ref group="1st seen in" name="healthline-ginger2017"/> # Ginger contains gingerol, which may help to prevent cancers <ref group="1st seen in" name="healthline-ginger2017"/> # Ginger may improve brain functioning and protect against Alzheimer's disease <ref group="1st seen in" name="healthline-ginger2017"/> # Gingerol can help lower risk of infections <ref group="1st seen in" name="healthline-ginger2017"/> ---- == Oregano == [[File:Origanum vulgare 002.JPG|thumb|right|320px|Origanum vulgare [[w:inflorescence]]s at the Botanical Garden KIT ([[w:Botanischer Garten der Universität Karlsruhe]]), Karlsruhe, Germany.]] [[w:Oregano]] (''Origanum vulgare'') contains [[w:carvacrol]], [[w:thymol]], [[w:limonene]], [[w:pinene]], [[w:ocimene]] and [[w:caryophyllene]]. Oregano oil can contain very high percentages of [[w:carvacrol]], whereas [[#Thyme|thyme]] is a great source of thymol. '''Studies on carvacrol and / or thymol''' * [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.702487/full ''''''Antitumor Effects of Carvacrol and Thymol: A Systematic Review'''''' at frontiersin.org], a systematic review article published in [[w:Frontiers in Pharmacology]] on '''2021'''-07-07 * [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32115964/ ''''''Apoptotic effects of thymol, a novel monoterpene phenol, on different types of cancer'''''' at pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]<ref group="1st seen in" name="LiveLoveFruit-Oregano-health" />, a '''2020''' study published in Bratislavske Lekarske Listy found thymol to have apoptotic and antiproliferative properties in lung, breast, and prostate cancer cell lines. * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4846059/ ''''''Carvacrol suppresses proliferation and invasion in human oral squamous cell carcinoma'''''' at ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]<ref group="1st seen in" name="LiveLoveFruit-Oregano-health" />, a '''2016''' in vitro study on carvacrol [[w:oral squamous cell carcinoma]] published in [[w:OncoTargets and Therapy]]. * [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19003220/ ''''''Effects of Carvacrol on a Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Cell Line, A549'''''' at pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]<ref group="1st seen in" name="LiveLoveFruit-Oregano-health" />, a '''2003''' in vitro study of [[w:Non-small-cell lung cancer]] and carvacrol. '''Links to reporting about carvacrol / oregano oil''' * [https://livelovefruit.com/health-benefits-oregano-oil/ ''''''15 Health Benefits of Oregano Oil and How to Use It'''''' at livelovefruit.com]<ref group="1st seen in" name="LiveLoveFruit-Oregano-health">[https://livelovefruit.com/health-benefits-oregano-oil/ ''''''15 Health Benefits of Oregano Oil and How to Use It'''''' at livelovefruit.com]</ref> ---- == Pineapple == [[File:Nanas subang.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Pineapple is effective cough medicine due to its [[w:Bromelain|Bromelain]] content.]] [[w:Pineapple|Pineapple]] fruit and it's stem contain [[w:Bromelain|Bromelain]], an enzyme with anti-cough properties. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that bromelain exhibits various [[w:Fibrinolysis|fibrinolytic]], [[w:Edema|antiedematous]], [[w:Thrombosis|antithrombotic]], and [[w:anti-inflammatory|anti-inflammatory]] activities.<ref name="Bromelain1">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3529416/</ref> Bromelain accounts for many therapeutic benefits like the treatment of [[w:angina pectoris|angina pectoris]], [[w:bronchitis|bronchitis]], [[w:sinusitis|sinusitis]], surgical trauma, and [[w:thrombophlebitis|thrombophlebitis]], [[w:debridement|debridement]] of wounds, and enhanced [[w:Absorption (pharmacology)|absorption of drugs]], particularly [[w:antibiotics|antibiotics]].<ref name="Bromelain1"/> ''' Uses ''' # [[#Common cough and pineapple]] ---- == Polyphenols == {{Q|'''[[w:Polyphenols|Polyphenols]]''' also known as '''polyhydroxyphenols''') are a structural class of mainly [[w:Natural product|natural]], but also [[w:Synthetic compound|synthetic]] or [[w:Semisynthesis|semisynthetic]], [[w:organic chemical|organic chemical]]s.|Wikipedia|[[w:polyphenols|polyphenols]]}} More than 8,000 types of polyphenols have been identified. They can be further categorized into 4 main groups<ref name="HealthLinePolyphenols">https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/polyphenols</ref> # '''[[w:Flavonoid|Flavonoid]]s''' (or '''bioflavonoids''') (from the Latin word ''flavus'', meaning yellow, their color in nature) are a class of [[w:plant|plant]] and [[w:fungus|fungus]] [[w:secondary metabolite|secondary metabolite]]s. (Wikipedia). These account for around 60% of all polyphenols. Examples include quercetin, kaempferol, catechins, and anthocyanins, which are found in foods like apples, onions, dark chocolate, and red cabbage.<ref name="HealthLinePolyphenols"/> # '''[[w:Phenolic acid|Phenolic acid]]s''' or '''phenolcarboxylic acids''' are types of [[w:aromatic acid|aromatic acid]] compound (Wikipedia). This group accounts for around 30% of all polyphenols. Examples include stilbenes and lignans, which are mostly found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and seeds.<ref name="HealthLinePolyphenols"/> # '''Polyphenolic [[w:amide|amide]]s'''. This category includes capsaicinoids in chili peppers and avenanthramides in oats.<ref name="HealthLinePolyphenols"/> # '''Other polyphenols'''. This group includes resveratrol in red wine, ellagic acid in berries, curcumin in turmeric, and lignans in flax seeds, sesame seeds, and whole grains.<ref name="HealthLinePolyphenols"/> ''' Scientific articles ''' * [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/food-science/polyphenol Compendium of scientific studies about polyphenols at ScienceDirect.com] * [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2018.00087/full 'The Role of Polyphenols in Human Health and Food Systems: A Mini-Review'] , a mini-review article published in [[w:Frontiers Media]]'s Frontiers in Nutrition in 2018-11 ''' In Wikipedia ''' * [[w:Health effects of phenols and polyphenols|Health effects of phenols and polyphenols]] ''' Links ''' * [https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/polyphenols HealthLine.com on polyphenols] ---- == Spirulina == [[File:Spira400xwetcr.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Spirulina powder at 400X, wet mount.]] '''[[w:Spirulina (dietary supplement)|Spirulina]]''' is a [[w:biomass|biomass]] of [[w:cyanobacteri|a]] (blue-green algae) that can be consumed by humans and other animals. The two species are ''[[w:Arthrospira| Arthrospira platensis]]'' and ''A. maxima''. ( Wikipedia ) Spirulina is extremely high in protein, contains an almost perfect balance of Omega-3 to Omega-6, and is rich in the following minerals: iron, copper, calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorous, selenium and zinc. It also contains high levels of vitamin A, C, E, K, B6, folate, niacin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin and thiamin. <ref name="LiveLoveFruitSpirulina">https://livelovefruit.com/top-spirulina-benefits/</ref> Spirulina has been found to help against <ref name="LiveLoveFruitSpirulina"/> * [[w:HIV/AIDS|HIV/AIDS]] * Beneficial for [[w:Type 2 Diabetes|Type 2 Diabetes]] by regulating [[w:blood sugar levels|blood sugar levels]] and helping with [[w:blood lipids]] composition * [[w:Candida (fungus)|Candida]] * Cancers because of its high C-[[w:phycocyanin|phycocyanin]], a powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory substance and anti-cancer properties * Binding to [[w:heavy metals]] and therefore aiding in their removal * Heart disease * [[w:Allergy|Allergies]] ---- == Stevia == [[File:Stevia plant.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''[[w:Stevia rebaudiana|Stevia rebaudiana]]'']] '''[[W:Stevia|Stevia]]''' is a sweetener and sugar substitute extracted from the leaves of the plant species [[w:Stevia rebaudiana|Stevia rebaudiana]], native to Brazil and Paraguay. ''' Medical uses of stevia ''' # [[#Lyme disease and stevia|Stevia kills lyme disease]] ---- == Tea == * http://www.nursingdegree.net/blog/18/33-health-benefits-of-drinking-tea/ ---- == Turmeric == [[File:Curcuma_longa201608JAPAN.jpg|thumb|200px|[[w:Turmeric|Turmeric]] (Curcuma Longa) of genus [[w:Curcuma|Curcuma]].]] [[File:Curcuma_longa_roots.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Turmeric, used as spice, medicine and dye is made of ground roots of Curcuma Longa.]] '''[[w:Turmeric|Turmeric]]''' contains [[w:curcumin|curcumin]], a [[w:curcuminoid|curcuminoid]]. ''' Studies regarding turmeric ''' * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23146777 'Curcumin ingestion and exercise training improve vascular endothelial function in postmenopausal women.'], a 2012 study. + [https://livelovefruit.com/turmeric-juice-equivalent-to-60-minutes-exercise/ LiveLoveFruit.com reporting on the study] * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4359932/ 'Attenuation of Morphine Withdrawal Syndrome by Various Dosages of Curcumin in Comparison with Clonidine in Mouse: Possible Mechanism'] , a 2015 study '''Possible medical applications of turmeric''' # [[#Alzheimer's and turmeric]] # [[#Cancers and turmeric]] '''Links and reporting about turmeric''' * [https://livelovefruit.com/turmeric-juice-equivalent-to-60-minutes-exercise ''''''This Turmeric Juice Recipe Is Equivalent To 60 Minutes Of Exercise, Study Finds.'''''' at livelovefruit.com] '''See also: [[#Cancers and cannabis|Cancers and cannabis]]''' (intra-article link) ----
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