Editing User:Jukeboksi/BBA studies/Researching Target Markets

= International Market Research =

<big>'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Juxo/Sandbox2 Notes for the Statistical Methods home exam] in Wikipedia space so that infobubbles work.'''</big>

== Week 4 - Introduction ==
'''[[w:Market research|Market research]]''' is any organized effort to gather information about [[w:target markets|target markets]] or customers.  It is a very important component of [[w:business strategy|business strategy]]. The term is commonly interchanged with [[w:marketing research|marketing research]]; however, expert practitioners may wish to draw a distinction, in that ''marketing'' research is concerned specifically about marketing processes, while ''market'' research is concerned specifically with markets. ( Wikipedia )

'''[[w:Marketing research|Marketing research]]''' [...] is the systematic gathering, recording, and analysis of [[w:qualitative|qualitative]] and [[w:quantitative|quantitative]] data about issues relating to marketing products and services. ( Wikipedia )

== Week 5 ==
In [[w:sociology|sociology]], '''[[w:quantitative research|quantitative research]]''' refers to the systematic empirical investigation of social phenomena via statistical, mathematical or numerical data or computational techniques. ( Wikipedia )

'''[[w:Qualitative research|Qualitative research]]''' is a method of inquiry employed in many different academic disciplines, traditionally in the [[w:social sciences|social sciences]], but also in [[w:market research|market research]] and further contexts. Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth understanding of [[w:human behavior|human behavior]] and the reasons that govern such behavior. The qualitative method investigates the ''why'' and ''how'' of [[w:decision making|decision making]], not just ''what'', ''where'', ''when''. Hence, smaller but focused [[w:Sample (statistics)|sample]]s are more often used than large samples. ( Wikipedia )

== Week 6 ==
A field of applied [[w:statistics|statistics]], '''[[w:survey methodology|survey methodology]]''' studies the [[w:sample (statistics)|sampling]] of individual units from a [[w:population (statistics)|population]] and the associated [[w:survey data collection|survey data collection]] techniques, such as [[w:questionnaire construction|questionnaire construction]] and methods for improving the number and accuracy of responses to surveys. ( Wikipedia )

== Week 7 ==
A '''survey''' involves interviews with a large number of respondents using a predesigned questionnaire ( Teacher )

A '''[[w:questionnaire|questionnaire]]''' is a [[w:research|research]] instrument consisting of a series of [[w:question|question]]s and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. Although they are often designed for [[w:statistics|statistical]] analysis of the responses, this is not always the case. ( Wikipedia )

'''[[w:Questionnaire construction|Questionnaire construction]]''' regards questionnaires. It is a series of questions asked to individuals to obtain statistically useful information about a given topic. ( Wikipedia )

'''[[w:Quantitative marketing research|Quantitative marketing research]]''' is the application of quantitative research techniques to the field of marketing. It has roots in both the positivist view of the world, and the modern marketing viewpoint that marketing is an interactive process in which both the buyer and seller reach a satisfying agreement on the "four Ps" of marketing: Product, Price, Place (location) and Promotion. ( Wikipedia )
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== Week 9 ==
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== Week 12 ==
* In [[w:statistics|statistics]], [[w:quality assurance|quality assurance]],  & [[w:Statistical survey|survey methodology]], '''[[w:Sampling (statistics)|sampling]]''' is concerned with the selection of a subset of individuals from within a [[w:population (statistics)|statistical population]] to estimate characteristics of the whole population. ( Wikipedia )

* A '''[[w:Data sample|Data sample]]''' is a set of [[w:data|data]] collected and/or selected from a [[w:statistical population|statistical population]] by a defined procedure. ( Wikipedia )

* A '''[[w:sampling frame|sampling frame]]''' is the source material or device from which a [[w:Sampling (statistics)|sample]] is drawn. It is a list of all those within a [[w:Statistical population|population]] who can be sampled, and may include individuals, households or institutions. ( Wikipedia )

* '''[[w:Sampling (statistics)|Sampling]]''' is the use of a subset of the [[w:population (statistics)|population]] to represent the whole population. ( Wikipedia on [[w:Nonprobability sampling]] )  
:::'''Probability sampling''', or '''[[w:random sampling|random sampling]]''', is a sampling technique in which  the [[w:probability|probability]] of getting any particular sample may be calculated.  
:::'''Nonprobability sampling''' does not meet this criterion and should be used with caution. Nonprobability sampling techniques ''cannot'' be used to infer from the sample to the general population. ( Wikipedia )

* '''[[w:Systematic sampling|Systematic sampling]]''' is a [[w:statistics|statistical method]] involving the selection of elements from an ordered [[w:sampling frame]]. ( Wikipedia )

* '''[[w:Stratified sampling|Stratified sampling]]''': In [[w:statistical survey|statistical survey]]s, when subpopulations within an overall population vary, it is advantageous to sample each subpopulation (stratum) independently. '''Stratification''' is the process of dividing members of the population into homogeneous subgroups before sampling. ( Wikipedia )

* A '''[[w:simple random sample|simple random sample]]''' is a subset of [[w:individuals|individuals]] (a [[w:sample (statistics)|sample]]) chosen from a larger set (a [[w:statistical population|population]]). 
:::Each individual is chosen [[w:randomization|randomly]] and entirely by chance, such that each individual has the same [[w:probability|probability]] of being chosen at any stage during the sampling process, and each subset of ''k'' individuals has the same probability of being chosen for the sample as any other subset of ''k'' individuals. This process and technique is known as '''simple random sampling''', and should not be confused with [[w:Systematic sampling|systematic random sampling]]. A simple random sample is an unbiased surveying technique. ( Wikipedia )

== Week 16 ==

* '''[[w:Primary research|Primary research]]''' consists of a collection of original primary data collected by the researcher.  It is often undertaken after the researcher has gained some insight into the issue by reviewing secondary research or by analyzing previously collected primary data. ( Wikipedia )

* '''[[w:Secondary research|Secondary research]]''' (also known as desk research) involves the summary, collation and/or synthesis of existing research rather than [[w:primary research|primary research]], where data is collected from, for example, research subjects or experiments. ( Wikipedia )

* A '''[[w:Back-translation#Back-translation|Back-translation]]''' is a translation of a translated text back into the language of the original text, made without reference to the original text. ( Wikipedia )

* The '''[[w:European Society for Opinion and Market Research|European Society for Opinion and Market Research]]''' ('''[[w:ESOMAR|ESOMAR]]''') is a world association for market, social and opinion researchers.

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= Statistical Methods =

'''[[w:Statistics|Statistics]]''' is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data. It deals with all aspects of data including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of [[w:statistical survey|survey]]s and [[w:experimental design|experiments]] ( Wikipedia )

'''[[w:Calculus|Calculus]]''' is the [[w:mathematics|mathematical]] study of change in the same way that [[w:geometry|geometry]] is the study of shape and [[w:algebra|algebra]] is the study of operations and their application to solving equations. 
::It has two major branches, [[w:differential calculus|differential calculus]] (concerning rates of change and slopes of curves), and [[w:integral calculus|integral calculus]] (concerning accumulation of quantities and the areas under curves); these two branches are related to each other by the [[w:fundamental theorem of calculus|fundamental theorem of calculus]]. ( Wikipedia )

A '''[[w:time series|time series]]''' is a sequence of [[w:data point|data point]]s, measured typically at successive points in time spaced at uniform time intervals. ( Wikipedia ) An example are the ''' closing values over [[w:time|time]] of [[w:stock market index|stock market index]] ( jubo-jubo )

In [[w:data processing|data processing]], a '''[[w:pivot table|pivot table]]''' is a data summarization tool found in data visualization programs such as [[w:spreadsheet|spreadsheet]]s or [[w:business intelligence|business intelligence]] software. Among other functions, a pivot-table  can automatically sort, count total or give the average of the data stored in one table or spreadsheet.  It displays the results in a second table (called a "pivot table") showing the summarized data. ( Wikipedia )

== Week 4 - Introduction ==

* [[w:Population|Population]]
* [[w:Census|Census]]
* Unit ([[w:sampling unit|sampling unit]])
* [[w:Sample (statistics)|Sample]] and [[w:Sampling (statistics)|Sampling]]
* [[w:Variable|Variable]]
* [[w:Data matrix|Data matrix]]
::One row for one unit
::One column for each variable

There are different '''[[w:Level of measurement|levels of measurement]]'''
* [[w:Level of measurement#Nominal_type|Nominal scale]]
* [[w:Level of measurement#Ordinal_scale|Ordinal scale]]
* [[w:Level of measurement#Interval_scale|Interval scale]] 
* [[w:Level of measurement#Ratio_scale|Ratio scale]]

* '''The [[w:Mode (statistics)|mode]]''' is the value that appears most often in a set of data. ( Wikipedia )

== Week 6 ==
In [[w:statistics|statistics]] and [[w:probability theory|probability theory]], the '''[[w:median|median]]''' is the numerical value separating the higher half of a data [[w:Sample (statistics)|sample]], a [[w:statistical population|population]], or a [[w:probability distribution|probability distribution]], from the lower half. ( Wikipedia )

In [[w:descriptive statistics|descriptive statistics]], the '''[[w:quartile|quartile]]s ''' of a [[w:Levels of measurement#Ordinal scale|ranked]] set of data values are the three points that divide the data set into four equal groups, each group comprising a quarter of the data. A quartile is a type of [[w:quantile|quantile]]( Wikipedia )

* '''[[w:Quantile]]s''' are points taken at regular intervals from the [[w:cumulative distribution function|cumulative distribution function]] (CDF) of a [[w:random variable|random variable]].

A '''[[w:percentile|percentile]]''' (or a centile) is a measure used in statistics indicating the value below which a given [[w:percentage|percentage]] of observations in a group of observations fall. ( Wikipedia )

In [[w:arithmetic|arithmetic]], the '''[[w:Range (statistics)|range]]''' of a set of data is the difference between the largest and smallest values. ( Wikipedia )

A '''[[w:Likert scale|Likert scale]]''' is a [[w:psychometrics|psychometric]] scale commonly involved in research that employs [[w:questionnaire|questionnaire]]s.  It is the most widely used approach to scaling responses in survey research, such that the term is often used interchangeably with ''[[w:rating scale|rating scale]]'', or more accurately the '''Likert-type scale''', even though the two are not synonymous.  The scale is named after its inventor, [[w:psychologist|psychologist]] [[w:Rensis Likert|Rensis Likert]]. ( Wikipedia )


== Later weeks ==
*In [[w:statistics|statistics]] and [[w:probability theory|probability theory]], the '''[[w:standard deviation|standard deviation]]''' ('''SD''') (represented by the Greek letter sigma, '''[[w:Sigma|σ]]''') shows how much variation or [[w:tatistical dispersion|dispersion]] from the average exists. 
:::A low standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to be very close to the [[w:mean|mean]] (also called expected value); a high standard deviation indicates that the data points are spread out over a large range of values. ( Wikipedia )

* The '''[[w:coefficient of variation|coefficient of variation]]''' ('''CV''') is a [[w:normalization (statistics)|normalized]] measure of [[w:statistical dispersion|dispersion]] of a [[w:probability distribution|probability distribution]] or [[w:frequency distribution|frequency distribution]]. ( Wikipedia )

* A '''[[w:histogram|histogram]]''' is a graphical representation of the distribution of data. It is an estimate of the [[w:probability distribution|probability distribution]] of a [[w:continuous variable|continuous variable]] and was first introduced by [[w:Karl Pearson|Karl Pearson]]. ( Wikipedia )

== Week 11 ==

* '''[[w:Correlation and dependence|Correlation and dependence]]''' - In [[w:statistics|statistics]], '''dependence''' is any statistical relationship between two [[w:random variable|random variable]]s or two sets of [[w:data|data]]. '''Correlation''' refers to any of a broad class of statistical relationships involving dependence. ( Wikipedia )

* '''[[w:bivariate data|Bivariate data]]''' is data that has two [[w:Variable (mathematics)|variables]]. The quantities from these two variables are often represented using a [[w:scatter plot|scatter plot]]. ( Wikipedia )

* A '''[[w:scatter plot|Scatter plot]]''', '''scatterplot''', '''scatter diagram''' or '''scattergraph''' is a type of [[w:mathematical diagram|mathematical diagram]] using [[w:Cartesian coordinate system|Cartesian coordinates]] to display values for two [[w:Variable (mathematics)|variable]]s for a set of data. ( Wikipedia )

* '''[[w:statistical inference|Statistical inference]]''' is the process of drawing conclusions from data that are subject to random variation, for example, observational errors or sampling variation. ( Wikipedia )

* '''[[w:Independent_variable#Independent_variable|Independent variables]]''' vs. '''[[w:Dependent_variable#Dependent_variable|Dependent variables]]'''

::* Independent variable on [[w:column|column]]s
::* Dependant variable on [[w:row|row]]s ( Teacher )

* '''[[w:Cross tabulation|Cross tabulation]]''' (or '''crosstabs''' for short) is a [[w:statistics|statistical]] process that summarizes [[w:categorical data|categorical data]] to create a [[w:contingency table|contingency table]]. They are heavily used in survey research, business intelligence, engineering and scientific research.  They provide a basic picture of the interrelation between two variables and can help find interactions between them. ( Wikipedia )

* A '''[[w:contingency table|contingency table]]''' (also referred to as '''[[w:cross tabulation|cross tabulation]]''' or '''cross tab''') is a type of [[w:table|table]] in a [[w:matrix (mathematics)|matrix]] format that displays the (multivariate) [[w:frequency distribution|frequency distribution]] of the variables. ( Wikipedia )
:::'''[[w:Contingency coefficient|Contingency coefficient]]''': 
:::::if 0 < C < 0,3 => no correlation
:::::if 0,3 > C => is correlation

* '''[[w:Spearman's rank correlation coefficient|Spearman's rank correlation coefficient]]''' is a [[w:non-parametric statistics|nonparametric]] measure of [[w:correlation and dependence|statistical dependence]] between two [[w:Variable (mathematics)#Applied statistics|variables]]. ( Wikipedia )

* '''[[w:Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient|Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient]]''' (sometimes referred to as the '''PPMCC''' or '''PCC''' or '''Pearson's ''r''''') is a measure of the linear [[w:correlation|correlation]] (dependence) between two variables ''X'' and ''Y'', giving a value between +1 and −1 inclusive, where 1 is total positive correlation, 0 is no correlation, and −1 is total negative correlation. It is widely used in the sciences as a measure of the degree of linear dependence between two variables. ( Wikipedia )
::: =correl(array 1;array 2) in Excel ( Teacher )

* '''[[w:Regression analysis|Regression analysis]]''' is a statistical process for estimating the relationships among variables. It includes many techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between a [[w:dependent variable|dependent variable]] and one or more [[w:independent variable|independent variable]]s. ( Wikipedia )

* '''[[w:Coefficient of determination|Coefficient of determination]]''', denoted '''''R''<sup>2</sup>''' and pronounced '''R squared''', indicates how well data points fit a statistical model – sometimes simply a line or curve. ( Wikipedia ) 
:::It is a [[w:statistic|statistic]] used in the context of [[w:statistical model|statistical model]]s whose main purpose is either the [[w:Prediction#Statistics|prediction]] of future outcomes or the testing of [[w:hypotheses|hypotheses]], on the basis of other related information. It provides a measure of how well observed outcomes are replicated by the model, as the proportion of total variation of outcomes explained by the model. ( Wikipedia )


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Further studies in statistics - [[User:Jukeboksi/BBA_studies/Toolkit for Quantitative Surveys]] (MET8LF001-11) Mon-Fri - The concept of [[w:statistical inference]] is covered. Download SPSS from MyNet.

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<center>This article '''used to be''' at the address '''<nowiki>https://GloBBA12.si/wiki/Researching_Target_Markets</nowiki>''' from 2012 to 2016 and '''<nowiki>https://wiki.study/regarding/Researching_Target_Markets</nowiki>''' from 2016 to 2020</center>

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