Industrial ecology
Industrial ecology was proposed in 1989 in Scientific American by Robert Frosch. Frosch vision was "why would not our industrial system behave like an ecosystem, where the wastes of a species may be resource to another species ? Why would not the outputs of an industry be the inputs of another, thus reducing use of raw materials, pollution, and saving on waste treatment ?"
Industrial ecology proposes not to see industrial systems ((e.g. a plant, an w:ecoregion, or national or global economy) as being separate from the w:biosphere, but to consider it as a particular case of w:ecosystem.