User:Jukeboksi/Wiki.study/Natural therapeutics: Difference between revisions

    imported>Jukeboksi
    (= Autism = + == Autism and cannabis == people have had wonderful results with cannabis)
    imported>Jukeboksi
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    * [https://www.getholistichealth.com/78078/frankincense-outperform-chemo-killing-ovarian-cancer-cells/ 'Frankincense found to outperform chemo in killing Ovarian Cancer cells'] 2019 popular article on GetHolisticHealth.com
    * [https://www.getholistichealth.com/78078/frankincense-outperform-chemo-killing-ovarian-cancer-cells/ 'Frankincense found to outperform chemo in killing Ovarian Cancer cells'] 2019 popular article on GetHolisticHealth.com


    = Cannabis =
    '''Cannabis''' is the oldest and most versatile medicine known to humankind.
    '''[[w:Cannabis sativa|Cannabis sativa]]''' and '''[[w:Cannabis indica|Cannabis indica]]''' are the main cannabis variants though most strains are mixes of these. A third cannabis line is the '''[[w:Cannabis ruderalis|Cannabis ruderalis]]''', a rugged northern cannabis that has adapted to flower even under northern long summer days.
    == The endocannabinoid system ==
    ''' Main article in wikipedia [[w:Endocannabinoid system|Endocannabinoid system]]'''
    Endocannabinoids are synthesized by our own bodies from '''[[w:Arachidonic acid|Arachidonic acid]]''', an essential [[w:Polyunsaturated fat|polyunsaturated]] [[w:Omega-6 fatty acid|Omega-6 fatty acid]]<ref name=wakeup-world-com>https://wakeup-world.com/2014/09/08/the-endocannabinoid-system-and-how-thc-cures-cancer/</ref>.
    '''Scientific articles about the endocannabinoid system'''
    * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23551849/ 'Modulating the endocannabinoid system in human health and disease--successes and failures'], a 2013 scientific article
    * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3951193/ 'Care and Feeding of the Endocannabinoid System: A Systematic Review of Potential Clinical Interventions that Upregulate the Endocannabinoid System'], a 2014 article
    * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3677644/ 'Fatty Acid Modulation of the Endocannabinoid System and the Effect on Food Intake and Metabolism'], a 2013 article
    * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5685274/ 'The endocannabinoid system in pain and inflammation: Its relevance to rheumatic disease'], a 2017 article
    * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5042796/ 'Endocannabinoid system: Role in depression, reward and pain control' (Review)], a 2016 article
    * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3951193/ 'Care and Feeding of the Endocannabinoid System: A Systematic Review of Potential Clinical Interventions that Upregulate the Endocannabinoid System'], a 2014 systematic review
    * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3677644/ 'Fatty Acid Modulation of the Endocannabinoid System and the Effect on Food Intake and Metabolism'], a 2013 study
    * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5685274/ 'The endocannabinoid system in pain and inflammation: Its relevance to rheumatic disease'], a 2017 article
    * [http://www.neuronalsignaling.org/content/2/4/NS20170144 'Potential for endocannabinoid system modulation in ocular pain and inflammation: filling the gaps in current pharmacological options'], a 2018 article
    * [https://www.intechopen.com/books/cannabinoids-in-health-and-disease/dietary-omega-6-omega-3-and-endocannabinoids-implications-for-brain-health-and-diseases 'Dietary Omega-6/Omega-3 and Endocannabinoids: Implications for Brain Health and Diseases'], a 2016 peer-reviewed chapter.
    * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/42369817_Endocannabinoids_and_pregnancy 'Endocannabinoids and pregnancy'], a 2010 literature review
    * [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/02/190206115550.htm 'Endocannabinoid system, a target to improve cognitive disorders in models of Down syndrome'], a 2019 animal model study found downregulating CB1 receptors beneficial for the mice.
    * [https://www.jyi.org/2018-june/2018/6/1/the-endocannabinoid-system-our-universal-regulator 'The Endocannabinoid System, Our Universal Regulator'], a 2018 undergraduate research paper published in the Journal of Young Investigators
    ''' Articles about the endocannabinoid system '''
    * [https://norml.org/library/item/introduction-to-the-endocannabinoid-system 'Introduction to the Endocannabinoid System'] at [[w:National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws|NORML]] (.org)
    * [https://www.medicinalgenomics.com/endocannabinoid-basics/ 'Endocannabinoid Basics' at MedicinalGenomics.com]
    * [https://hempedification.wordpress.com/2017/08/05/endocannabinoids-beyond-the-brain/ Endocannabinoids – Beyond the Brain]  is a good 2017 article on the Hemp Edification blog] adapted from [https://www.the-scientist.com/features/your-body-is-teeming-with-weed-receptors-31233 Your Body Is Teeming with Weed Receptors, a 2017 article on the website the-scientist.com] and [https://www.the-scientist.com/multimedia/endocannabinoids-in-the-groove-31240 Endocannabinoids in the Groove, a 2017 article on the website the-scientist.com]
    * http://profofpot.com/endocannabinoid-receptors/
    === The endocannabinoid receptors ===
    [[File:Stock-vector-human-endocannabinoid-system-target-active-in-male-and-female-body-1237262152.jpg|thumb|right|520px|Prevalence of endocannabinoid receptors in the human body. Photo credit: [https://www.shutterstock.com/g/Thanasp ThanasStudio]]]
    Human body contains 2 types of endocannabinoid [[w:Cannabinoid receptor|receptors]] [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] and [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 2|CB<sub>2</sub>]], but cannabinoids have interactions also on some other receptors.
    ==== CB<sub>1</sub> receptors ====
    CB<sub>1</sub> receptors predominantly located in the nervous system, connective tissues, gonads, glands, and organs<ref name=p4mm>https://patients4medicalmarijuana.wordpress.com/2017/07/06/how-and-why-your-brain-makes-its-own-cannabinoids/</ref>.
    ==== CB<sub>2</sub> receptors ====
    CB<sub>2</sub> receptors, primarily found in the immune system and also present in the spleen, liver, heart, kidneys, bones, blood vessels, lymph cells, endocrine glands, and reproductive organs<ref name=p4mm/>.
    === Endocannabinoids ===
    [[File:Anandamid.svg|thumb|200px|[[w:Anandamide|Anandamide]], an endogenous [[w:ligand|ligand]] of CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub>]]
    The two main endocannabinoids are Anandamide and 2-AG.
    ==== Anandamide ====
    [[w:Anandamide|Anandamide]] was discovered in 1992 and it binds to both CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub> receptors. The name comes from the [[w:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]] word 'Ananda' meaning 'bliss' and [[w:amide|amide]] from its chemistry.
    It has been referred to as the endocannabinoid version of THC.
    '''Synthesis''' of '''Anandamide''': Arachidonic acid -> Phosphatidylethanolamide + N-[[w:Acyltransferase|Acyltransferase]] -> N-arachidonoyl phosphatidylethanolamine + [[w:Phospholipase D|Phospholipase D]] -> [[w:Anandamide|Anandamide]]<ref name="EJR2017">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5685274/</ref>
    * [https://herb.co/marijuana/news/anandamide-aea Herb.co on Anandamide]
    ==== 2-AG ====
    [[File:2-Ara-Gl.svg|thumb|right|200px|2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is an endogenous [[w:agonist|agonist]] of the [[w:CB1 receptor|CB<sub>1</sub> receptor]].]]
    [[w:2-Arachidonoylglycerol|2-Arachidonoylglycerol]] aka. 2-AG was discovered in 1994-1995.
    '''Synthesis''' of '''2-AG''': Arachidonic acid -> [[w:Phosphatidylinositol|Phosphatidylinositol]] + [[w:Phospholipase C|Phospholipase C]]s -> [[w:Diacylglycerol]] + Diacylglycerol lipase -> [[w:2-AG|2-AG]]<ref name="EJR2017"/>
    ==== N-Arachidonoyl dopamine ====
    [[w:N-Arachidonoyl dopamine|N-Arachidonoyl dopamine]] discovered in 2000.
    ==== 2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether ====
    [[w:2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether|2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether]] discovered in 2001.
    ==== Virodhamine ====
    [[w:Virodhamine|Virodhamine]] discovered in 2002
    ==== Lysophosphatidylinositol ====
    [[w:Lysophosphatidylinositol|Lysophosphatidylinositol]] is a contender to be the 6th endocannabinoid.
    ----
    == Phytocannabinoids ==
    [[File:Cannabis indica.jpg|thumb|left|360px|Female [[w:Cannabis indica|Cannabis indica]] plants. These are often good for pain relief producing a nice body stone.]]
    Many people may know the 2 most prevalent phytocannabinoids, [[w:THC|THC]] and [[w:Cannabidiol|CBD]].
    ''' Studies about phytocannabinoids '''
    * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19729208 'Non-psychotropic plant cannabinoids: new therapeutic opportunities from an ancient herb.'], a 2009 article
    * [https://www.intechopen.com/books/recent-advances-in-cannabinoid-research/the-united-chemicals-of-cannabis-beneficial-effects-of-cannabis-phytochemicals-on-the-brain-and-cogn 'The United Chemicals of Cannabis: Beneficial Effects of Cannabis Phytochemicals on the Brain and Cognition'], a 2018 open-access peer-reviewed chapter in Recent Advances in Cannabinoid Research
    ''' Links about phytocannabinoids '''
    * [https://hightimes.com/guides/cannabinoids/ High Times article on cannabinoids]
    * [https://www.hempgazette.com/medical-cannabis/cannabinoids-list/ HempGazette big list of cannabis cannabinoids]. Sourced from <ref name="Brenneisen2007">https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-59259-947-9_2</ref>
    '''List of known phytocannabinoids from [[w:Cannabinoid#Phytocannabinoids|Wikipedia]]''':
    *[[#THC|THC]]  ([[w:Tetrahydrocannabinol|Tetrahydrocannabinol]])
    *[[#THCA|THCA]]  ([[w:Tetrahydrocannbinolic acid|Tetrahydrocannbinolic acid]])
    *[[#CBD|CBD]]  ([[w:Cannabidiol|Cannabidiol]])
    *[[#CBDA|CBDA]]  (Cannabidiolic Acid)
    * [[#CBN|CBN]]  ([[w:Cannabinol|Cannabinol]])
    * [[#CBG|CBG]]  ([[w:Cannabigerol|Cannabigerol]])
    * [[#CBC|CBC]]  ([[w:Cannabichromene|Cannabichromene]])
    * [[#CBL|CBL]]  ([[w:Cannabicyclol|Cannabicyclol]])
    * [[#CBV|CBV]]  ([[w:Cannabivarin|Cannabivarin]])
    * [[#THCV|THCV]] ([[w:Tetrahydrocannabivarin|Tetrahydrocannabivarin]])
    * [[#CBDV|CBDV]] ([[w:Cannabidivarin|Cannabidivarin]])
    * [[#CBCV|CBCV]] (Cannabichromevarin)
    * [[#CBGV|CBGV]] (Cannabigerovarin)
    * [[#CBGM|CBGM]] (Cannabigerol Monomethyl Ether)
    * [[#CBE|CBE]] (Cannabielsoin)
    * [[#CBT|CBT]] (Cannabicitran)
    === THC ===
    [[File:Tetrahydrocannabinol.svg|thumb|right|200px|[[w:Tetrahydrocannabinol|Tetrahydrocannabinol]] is a partial [[w:agonist|agonist]] of [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] located mainly in the [[w:central nervous system|central nervous system]], and the [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 2|CB<sub>2</sub>]] receptor mainly expressed in cells of the [[w:immune system|immune system]].]]
    [[w:Tetrahydrocannabinol|Tetrahydrocannabinol]] was found in 1964<ref name="enwiki_thc">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol</ref> and it is the main psychoactive compound that brings the 'high' most recreational users are chasing.
    * [https://hightimes.com/health/science/thc-tetrahydrocannabinol/ Hightimes in-depth article on THC]
    * [https://hightimes.com/culture/therapeutic-benefits-dabbing-delta-8-thc/ Hightimes article on Delta-8 THC]
    === THCA ===
    [[w:Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid|Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid]] THCA is the what cannabis plants produce to fend off insects from harming it. In pure form THCA is a clear translucent crystalline of white color.
    THC is produced from the raw THCA by a process called decarboxylation. Basically means to heat the stuff over certain temperature.
    THCA found in raw marijuana apparently has some health enhancing properties. The issue is being researched.
    * https://herb.co/news/health/raw-weed-benefits/
    * https://herb.co/learn/eat-raw-weed-marijuana/
    * https://thefreshtoast.com/cannabis/marijuanas-thc-a-as-an-anti-inflammatory-and-neuro-protectant/
    === CBD ===
    [[File:Cannabidiol.svg|thumb|left|200px|[[w:Cannabidiol|Cannabidiol]] has very low [[w:affinity (pharmacology)|affinity]] for the [[w:cannabinoid receptor|cannabinoid]] [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] and [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 2|CB<sub>2</sub>]] receptors  receptors but acts as an indirect [[w:receptor antagonist|antagonist]] of cannabinoid [[w:agonist|agonist]]s.]]
    [[File:Stock-vector-hemp-cbd-wellness-and-your-body-health-benefits-of-cannabidiol-cbd-from-cannabis-hemp-marijuana-1266680014.jpg|thumb|right|540px|Health benefits of CBD. Photo credit: [https://www.shutterstock.com/g/Thanasp ThanasStudio]]]
    [[w:Cannabidiol|Cannabidiol]] was isolated and identified from Cannabis sativa in 1940<ref name="enwiki_thc"/>. CBD is not psychoactive and it has the most medical applications of all phytocannabinoids.
    {{Q|Cannabidiol has little affinity for [[w:Cannabinoid receptor#CB1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] and [[w:Cannabinoid receptor#CB2|CB<sub>2</sub>]] receptors but acts as an indirect [[w:Receptor antagonist|antagonist]] of cannabinoid [[w:agonist|agonist]]s.<ref name="recentadvances">{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/cbdv.200790147 |title=Cannabidiol – Recent Advances |year=2007 |last1=Mechoulam |first1=Raphael |last2=Peters |first2=Maximilian |last3=Murillo-Rodriguez |first3=Eric |last4=Hanuš |first4=Lumír O. |journal=Chemistry & Biodiversity |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=1678–92 |pmid=17712814}}</ref>|Wikipedia|[[w:Cannabinoid#Cannabidiol|Cannabidiol]]}}
    * [https://hightimes.com/health/cannabidiol-cbd/ Hightimes in detail piece on CBD]
    * [https://www.leafly.com/news/strains-products/what-cannabis-strains-are-high-in-cbd Leafly lists strains high in CBD]
    * [https://www.marijuanabreak.com/best-cbd-oils-pain-relief Piece on CBD as anti-pain agent (contains ads)]
    * [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278584618308340?via%3Dihub 'Cannabidiol attenuates aggressive behavior induced by social isolation in mice: Involvement of 5-HT1A and CB1 receptors'], a 2019 study published in the [[w:Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry]]. Cannabidiol effects were mediated by CB1 and 5-HT1A receptors.
    * [http://www.who.int/medicines/access/controlled-substances/5.2_CBD.pdf WHO preliminary report on CBD]
    === CBDA ===
    Cannabidiolic Acid is the raw form. Decarboxylating CBDA yields CBD.
    * https://herb.co/learn/cbda/
    === CBN === 
    [[w:Cannabinol|Cannabinol]] is a sleeping aid and has also other therapeutic qualities.
    * https://www.leafly.com/news/science-tech/what-is-cbn-and-what-are-the-benefits-of-this-cannabinoid
    * https://www.massroots.com/learn/cannabinol-cbn-cannabinoid/
    * https://www.medicaljane.com/2013/08/19/cannabinol-cbn-will-put-you-to-bed/
    === CBG ===
    [[w:Cannabigerol|Cannabigerol]]
    {{Q|Cannabigerol has been shown to promote [[w:apoptosis|apoptosis]] in cancer cells and inhibit tumor growth in mice. It acts as an [[w:a2-adrenergic receptor|α<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic receptor]] agonist, [[w:5-HT1A receptor|5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptor]] antagonist, and CB<sub>1</sub> receptor antagonist.<ref name="pmid20002104">{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00515.x |title=Evidence that the plant cannabinoid cannabigerol is a highly potent α2-adrenoceptor agonist and moderately potent 5HT1A receptor antagonist |year=2010 |last1=Cascio |first1=MG |last2=Gauson |first2=LA |last3=Stevenson |first3=LA |last4=Ross |first4=RA |last5=Pertwee |first5=RG |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology |volume=159 |pages=129–41 |pmid=20002104 |issue=1 |pmc=2823359}}</ref> It also binds to the CB<sub>2</sub> receptor.<ref name="pmid20002104" />|Wikipedia|[[w:Cannabinoid#Cannabigerol|Cannabigerol]]}}
    ''' Links about CBG '''
    * https://comparecbd.com/cbg/
    === CBC ===
    [[w:Cannabichromene|Cannabichromene]]
    === CBL ===
    [[w:Cannabicyclol|Cannabicyclol]]
    === CBV ===
    [[w:Cannabivarin|Cannabivarin]]
    === THCV ===
    [[w:Tetrahydrocannabivarin|Tetrahydrocannabivarin]] can be used to inhibit appetite.
    ''' Links about THCV '''
    * http://herb.co/2017/04/14/tetrahydrocannabivarin-thcv/
    === CBDV ===
    [[w:Cannabidivarin|Cannabidivarin]]
    === CBCV ===
    Cannabichromevarin
    === CBGV ===
    Cannabigerovarin
    === CBGM ===
    Cannabigerol Monomethyl Ether
    === CBE ===
    Cannabielsoin
    === CBT ===
    Cannabicitran
    ----
    == Making cannabinoids with yeasts ==
    Scientists have figured out how to splice the DNA of yeasts, so that they produce cannabinoids.<ref name="GlobalHealthTimes2019">http://globalhealthtimes.com/2019/03/06/scientists-are-making-thc-and-cbd-in-a-lab-without-growing/</ref>
    ----
    == Cannflavins ==
    '''[[w:Cannflavin|Cannaflavins]]''' '''A''' and '''B''' are very potent anti-inflammatory agents and thus help lessen the pain sensation originating from inflammation.
    ''' Links about cannflavins '''
    * https://www.inverse.com/article/58027-cannflavins-a-and-b-in-cannabis-anti-inflammatory
    ----
    == Terpenes in cannabis ==
    '''Terpenes''' are a large and diverse [[w:Organic chemistry#Classification of organic compounds|class]] of [[w:organic compound|organic compound]]s, produced by a variety of [[w:plant|plant]]s, particularly [[w:Pinophyta|conifers]], and by some [[w:insect]]s.<ref name=book>{{cite book|title=Terpenes: Flavors, Fragrances, Pharmaca, Pheromones|author=Eberhard Breitmaier|year= 2006|isbn=9783527609949 |doi=10.1002/9783527609949|publisher=Wiley-VCH}}</ref>
    '''Links about terpenes found in cannabis'''
    * [http://www.bbhwithms.com/multiple-sclerosis-cannabis-its-all-about-the-terpenes/ 'Multiple Sclerosis & Cannabis: It’s All About The Terpenes'], a 2017 article
    * [https://cannacon.org/15-terpenes-cannabis-explained/ '15 terpenes in cannabis explained'], a 2018 article by CannaCon.org
    * [https://www.fundacion-canna.es/en/terpenes 'Terpenes' by Fundación CANNA], a non-profit organization dedicated to scientific studies and cannabis testing
    * [http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2019/mar/01/why-terpenes/ 'Why terpenes are becoming more important than THC'], a 2019 articleon the Spokesman.com
    ----
    == Synthetic cannabinoids ==
    '''[[w:Synthetic cannabinoids|Synthetic cannabinoids]]''' are a class of molecules that [[w:Binding affinity|bind]] to [[w:cannabinoid receptor|cannabinoid receptor]]s in the body — the same receptors to which [[w:Tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]] and [[w:Cannabidiol|CBD]] attach – which are [[w:cannabinoid|cannabinoid]]s in [[w:cannabis|cannabis]] plants. (Wikipedia)
    '''Word of caution''': Many synthetic cannabinoids are '''dangerous''' and should not be administered by others than medical professionals.
    * [[w:List of designer drugs#Synthetic cannabinoids|List of synthetic cannabinoids on Wikipedia]]
    * [[w:Structural scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids|Structural scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids on Wikipedia]]
    ''' Links about synthetic cannabinoids '''
    * [https://www.calgarycmmc.com/acea.htm CalgaryMMC.com lists ACEA] so this isn't one is probably not one of the harmful ones
    '''[[w:Arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide|Arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide]]''' (ACEA) is a synthetic agonist of the [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] receptor. (Wikipedia)
    == Other plants that contain compounds that are active in cannabinoid receptors ==
    # '''[[w:Echinacea|Echinacea]]''' contains N-alkyl[[w:amide|amide]]s, that function via cannabimemetics to provide immune-boosting and is also used to relieve anxiety, fatigue, migraines and arthritis.<ref name="LLF2018">https://livelovefruit.com/8-non-marijuana-plants-contain-cannabinoids/</ref>
    # '''[[w:Black pepper|Black pepper]]''' contains high levels of the [[w:terpene|terpene]] called [[w:Caryophyllene|β-caryophyllene]] (BCP). BCP functions as a cannabinoid, and has a binding affinity with the CB<sub>2</sub> receptor.<ref name="LLF2018"/>
    # '''[[w:Flax|Flax]]''' (linen) seeds produce cannabinoid-like compounds very similar to CBD.<ref name="LLF2018"/>
    # '''[[w:Cocoa bean|Cacao]]''' contains lots of magnesium, but also "happy-brain" chemicals like [[w:theobromine|theobromine]], [[w:phenethylamine|phenethylamine]], [[w:tryptophan|tryptophan]], and [[w:anandamide|anandamide]]. Cacao affects the endocannabinoid system by deactivating the enzyme called [[w:FAAH|FAAH]]. This enzyme breaks down the endocannabinoid known as anandamide.<ref name="LLF2018"/>
    # '''[[w:Tuber melanosporum|Black truffle]]s''' contain anandamide.<ref name="LLF2018"/>
    # '''[[w:Helichrysum|Helichrysum]] umbraculigerum''' contains cannabigerol (CBG).<ref name="LLF2018"/>
    # '''[[w:Rhododendron|Rhododendron]] anthopogonoides''' (Chinese Labrador) contains anthopogocyclolic acid and anthopogochromenic acid and five related compounds known as synthetic analogues of cannabinoids: [[w:cannabichromene|cannabichromene]] (CBC) type, [[w:cannabicyclol|cannabicyclol]] (CBL) type and cannabicitran (CBT) type, have been isolated together with geranyl orsellinic acid. <ref name="LLF2018"/>
    #'''[[w:Marchantiophyta|Liverwort]]''' contains [[w:Perrottetinene|Perrottetinene]], a cannabinoid similar to THC.<ref name="NewsweekLiverwort2018">https://www.newsweek.com/medical-marijuana-moss-plant-acts-thc-cannabis-1184661</ref><ref name="LLF2018"/>
    * https://herb.co/learn/non-marijuana-plants-contain-cannabinoids/
    * https://livelovefruit.com/8-non-marijuana-plants-contain-cannabinoids/
    * https://www.marijuana.com/news/2017/05/9-plants-that-contain-therapeutic-cannabinoids/
    ----


    = Cannabis therapeutics =
    = Cannabis therapeutics =
    Line 1,005: Line 751:


    '''See also: [[#Cancers and cannabis|Cancers and cannabis]]''' (intra-article link)
    '''See also: [[#Cancers and cannabis|Cancers and cannabis]]''' (intra-article link)
    ----
    = Cannabis =
    '''Cannabis''' is the oldest and most versatile medicine known to humankind.
    '''[[w:Cannabis sativa|Cannabis sativa]]''' and '''[[w:Cannabis indica|Cannabis indica]]''' are the main cannabis variants though most strains are mixes of these. A third cannabis line is the '''[[w:Cannabis ruderalis|Cannabis ruderalis]]''', a rugged northern cannabis that has adapted to flower even under northern long summer days.
    == The endocannabinoid system ==
    ''' Main article in wikipedia [[w:Endocannabinoid system|Endocannabinoid system]]'''
    Endocannabinoids are synthesized by our own bodies from '''[[w:Arachidonic acid|Arachidonic acid]]''', an essential [[w:Polyunsaturated fat|polyunsaturated]] [[w:Omega-6 fatty acid|Omega-6 fatty acid]]<ref name=wakeup-world-com>https://wakeup-world.com/2014/09/08/the-endocannabinoid-system-and-how-thc-cures-cancer/</ref>.
    '''Scientific articles about the endocannabinoid system'''
    * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23551849/ 'Modulating the endocannabinoid system in human health and disease--successes and failures'], a 2013 scientific article
    * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3951193/ 'Care and Feeding of the Endocannabinoid System: A Systematic Review of Potential Clinical Interventions that Upregulate the Endocannabinoid System'], a 2014 article
    * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3677644/ 'Fatty Acid Modulation of the Endocannabinoid System and the Effect on Food Intake and Metabolism'], a 2013 article
    * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5685274/ 'The endocannabinoid system in pain and inflammation: Its relevance to rheumatic disease'], a 2017 article
    * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5042796/ 'Endocannabinoid system: Role in depression, reward and pain control' (Review)], a 2016 article
    * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3951193/ 'Care and Feeding of the Endocannabinoid System: A Systematic Review of Potential Clinical Interventions that Upregulate the Endocannabinoid System'], a 2014 systematic review
    * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3677644/ 'Fatty Acid Modulation of the Endocannabinoid System and the Effect on Food Intake and Metabolism'], a 2013 study
    * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5685274/ 'The endocannabinoid system in pain and inflammation: Its relevance to rheumatic disease'], a 2017 article
    * [http://www.neuronalsignaling.org/content/2/4/NS20170144 'Potential for endocannabinoid system modulation in ocular pain and inflammation: filling the gaps in current pharmacological options'], a 2018 article
    * [https://www.intechopen.com/books/cannabinoids-in-health-and-disease/dietary-omega-6-omega-3-and-endocannabinoids-implications-for-brain-health-and-diseases 'Dietary Omega-6/Omega-3 and Endocannabinoids: Implications for Brain Health and Diseases'], a 2016 peer-reviewed chapter.
    * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/42369817_Endocannabinoids_and_pregnancy 'Endocannabinoids and pregnancy'], a 2010 literature review
    * [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/02/190206115550.htm 'Endocannabinoid system, a target to improve cognitive disorders in models of Down syndrome'], a 2019 animal model study found downregulating CB1 receptors beneficial for the mice.
    * [https://www.jyi.org/2018-june/2018/6/1/the-endocannabinoid-system-our-universal-regulator 'The Endocannabinoid System, Our Universal Regulator'], a 2018 undergraduate research paper published in the Journal of Young Investigators
    ''' Articles about the endocannabinoid system '''
    * [https://norml.org/library/item/introduction-to-the-endocannabinoid-system 'Introduction to the Endocannabinoid System'] at [[w:National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws|NORML]] (.org)
    * [https://www.medicinalgenomics.com/endocannabinoid-basics/ 'Endocannabinoid Basics' at MedicinalGenomics.com]
    * [https://hempedification.wordpress.com/2017/08/05/endocannabinoids-beyond-the-brain/ Endocannabinoids – Beyond the Brain]  is a good 2017 article on the Hemp Edification blog] adapted from [https://www.the-scientist.com/features/your-body-is-teeming-with-weed-receptors-31233 Your Body Is Teeming with Weed Receptors, a 2017 article on the website the-scientist.com] and [https://www.the-scientist.com/multimedia/endocannabinoids-in-the-groove-31240 Endocannabinoids in the Groove, a 2017 article on the website the-scientist.com]
    * http://profofpot.com/endocannabinoid-receptors/
    === The endocannabinoid receptors ===
    [[File:Stock-vector-human-endocannabinoid-system-target-active-in-male-and-female-body-1237262152.jpg|thumb|right|520px|Prevalence of endocannabinoid receptors in the human body. Photo credit: [https://www.shutterstock.com/g/Thanasp ThanasStudio]]]
    Human body contains 2 types of endocannabinoid [[w:Cannabinoid receptor|receptors]] [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] and [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 2|CB<sub>2</sub>]], but cannabinoids have interactions also on some other receptors.
    ==== CB<sub>1</sub> receptors ====
    CB<sub>1</sub> receptors predominantly located in the nervous system, connective tissues, gonads, glands, and organs<ref name=p4mm>https://patients4medicalmarijuana.wordpress.com/2017/07/06/how-and-why-your-brain-makes-its-own-cannabinoids/</ref>.
    ==== CB<sub>2</sub> receptors ====
    CB<sub>2</sub> receptors, primarily found in the immune system and also present in the spleen, liver, heart, kidneys, bones, blood vessels, lymph cells, endocrine glands, and reproductive organs<ref name=p4mm/>.
    === Endocannabinoids ===
    [[File:Anandamid.svg|thumb|200px|[[w:Anandamide|Anandamide]], an endogenous [[w:ligand|ligand]] of CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub>]]
    The two main endocannabinoids are Anandamide and 2-AG.
    ==== Anandamide ====
    [[w:Anandamide|Anandamide]] was discovered in 1992 and it binds to both CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub> receptors. The name comes from the [[w:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]] word 'Ananda' meaning 'bliss' and [[w:amide|amide]] from its chemistry.
    It has been referred to as the endocannabinoid version of THC.
    '''Synthesis''' of '''Anandamide''': Arachidonic acid -> Phosphatidylethanolamide + N-[[w:Acyltransferase|Acyltransferase]] -> N-arachidonoyl phosphatidylethanolamine + [[w:Phospholipase D|Phospholipase D]] -> [[w:Anandamide|Anandamide]]<ref name="EJR2017">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5685274/</ref>
    * [https://herb.co/marijuana/news/anandamide-aea Herb.co on Anandamide]
    ==== 2-AG ====
    [[File:2-Ara-Gl.svg|thumb|right|200px|2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is an endogenous [[w:agonist|agonist]] of the [[w:CB1 receptor|CB<sub>1</sub> receptor]].]]
    [[w:2-Arachidonoylglycerol|2-Arachidonoylglycerol]] aka. 2-AG was discovered in 1994-1995.
    '''Synthesis''' of '''2-AG''': Arachidonic acid -> [[w:Phosphatidylinositol|Phosphatidylinositol]] + [[w:Phospholipase C|Phospholipase C]]s -> [[w:Diacylglycerol]] + Diacylglycerol lipase -> [[w:2-AG|2-AG]]<ref name="EJR2017"/>
    ==== N-Arachidonoyl dopamine ====
    [[w:N-Arachidonoyl dopamine|N-Arachidonoyl dopamine]] discovered in 2000.
    ==== 2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether ====
    [[w:2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether|2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether]] discovered in 2001.
    ==== Virodhamine ====
    [[w:Virodhamine|Virodhamine]] discovered in 2002
    ==== Lysophosphatidylinositol ====
    [[w:Lysophosphatidylinositol|Lysophosphatidylinositol]] is a contender to be the 6th endocannabinoid.
    ----
    == Phytocannabinoids ==
    [[File:Cannabis indica.jpg|thumb|left|360px|Female [[w:Cannabis indica|Cannabis indica]] plants. These are often good for pain relief producing a nice body stone.]]
    Many people may know the 2 most prevalent phytocannabinoids, [[w:THC|THC]] and [[w:Cannabidiol|CBD]].
    ''' Studies about phytocannabinoids '''
    * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19729208 'Non-psychotropic plant cannabinoids: new therapeutic opportunities from an ancient herb.'], a 2009 article
    * [https://www.intechopen.com/books/recent-advances-in-cannabinoid-research/the-united-chemicals-of-cannabis-beneficial-effects-of-cannabis-phytochemicals-on-the-brain-and-cogn 'The United Chemicals of Cannabis: Beneficial Effects of Cannabis Phytochemicals on the Brain and Cognition'], a 2018 open-access peer-reviewed chapter in Recent Advances in Cannabinoid Research
    ''' Links about phytocannabinoids '''
    * [https://hightimes.com/guides/cannabinoids/ High Times article on cannabinoids]
    * [https://www.hempgazette.com/medical-cannabis/cannabinoids-list/ HempGazette big list of cannabis cannabinoids]. Sourced from <ref name="Brenneisen2007">https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-59259-947-9_2</ref>
    '''List of known phytocannabinoids from [[w:Cannabinoid#Phytocannabinoids|Wikipedia]]''':
    *[[#THC|THC]]  ([[w:Tetrahydrocannabinol|Tetrahydrocannabinol]])
    *[[#THCA|THCA]]  ([[w:Tetrahydrocannbinolic acid|Tetrahydrocannbinolic acid]])
    *[[#CBD|CBD]]  ([[w:Cannabidiol|Cannabidiol]])
    *[[#CBDA|CBDA]]  (Cannabidiolic Acid)
    * [[#CBN|CBN]]  ([[w:Cannabinol|Cannabinol]])
    * [[#CBG|CBG]]  ([[w:Cannabigerol|Cannabigerol]])
    * [[#CBC|CBC]]  ([[w:Cannabichromene|Cannabichromene]])
    * [[#CBL|CBL]]  ([[w:Cannabicyclol|Cannabicyclol]])
    * [[#CBV|CBV]]  ([[w:Cannabivarin|Cannabivarin]])
    * [[#THCV|THCV]] ([[w:Tetrahydrocannabivarin|Tetrahydrocannabivarin]])
    * [[#CBDV|CBDV]] ([[w:Cannabidivarin|Cannabidivarin]])
    * [[#CBCV|CBCV]] (Cannabichromevarin)
    * [[#CBGV|CBGV]] (Cannabigerovarin)
    * [[#CBGM|CBGM]] (Cannabigerol Monomethyl Ether)
    * [[#CBE|CBE]] (Cannabielsoin)
    * [[#CBT|CBT]] (Cannabicitran)
    === THC ===
    [[File:Tetrahydrocannabinol.svg|thumb|right|200px|[[w:Tetrahydrocannabinol|Tetrahydrocannabinol]] is a partial [[w:agonist|agonist]] of [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] located mainly in the [[w:central nervous system|central nervous system]], and the [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 2|CB<sub>2</sub>]] receptor mainly expressed in cells of the [[w:immune system|immune system]].]]
    [[w:Tetrahydrocannabinol|Tetrahydrocannabinol]] was found in 1964<ref name="enwiki_thc">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol</ref> and it is the main psychoactive compound that brings the 'high' most recreational users are chasing.
    * [https://hightimes.com/health/science/thc-tetrahydrocannabinol/ Hightimes in-depth article on THC]
    * [https://hightimes.com/culture/therapeutic-benefits-dabbing-delta-8-thc/ Hightimes article on Delta-8 THC]
    === THCA ===
    [[w:Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid|Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid]] THCA is the what cannabis plants produce to fend off insects from harming it. In pure form THCA is a clear translucent crystalline of white color.
    THC is produced from the raw THCA by a process called decarboxylation. Basically means to heat the stuff over certain temperature.
    THCA found in raw marijuana apparently has some health enhancing properties. The issue is being researched.
    * https://herb.co/news/health/raw-weed-benefits/
    * https://herb.co/learn/eat-raw-weed-marijuana/
    * https://thefreshtoast.com/cannabis/marijuanas-thc-a-as-an-anti-inflammatory-and-neuro-protectant/
    === CBD ===
    [[File:Cannabidiol.svg|thumb|left|200px|[[w:Cannabidiol|Cannabidiol]] has very low [[w:affinity (pharmacology)|affinity]] for the [[w:cannabinoid receptor|cannabinoid]] [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] and [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 2|CB<sub>2</sub>]] receptors  receptors but acts as an indirect [[w:receptor antagonist|antagonist]] of cannabinoid [[w:agonist|agonist]]s.]]
    [[File:Stock-vector-hemp-cbd-wellness-and-your-body-health-benefits-of-cannabidiol-cbd-from-cannabis-hemp-marijuana-1266680014.jpg|thumb|right|540px|Health benefits of CBD. Photo credit: [https://www.shutterstock.com/g/Thanasp ThanasStudio]]]
    [[w:Cannabidiol|Cannabidiol]] was isolated and identified from Cannabis sativa in 1940<ref name="enwiki_thc"/>. CBD is not psychoactive and it has the most medical applications of all phytocannabinoids.
    {{Q|Cannabidiol has little affinity for [[w:Cannabinoid receptor#CB1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] and [[w:Cannabinoid receptor#CB2|CB<sub>2</sub>]] receptors but acts as an indirect [[w:Receptor antagonist|antagonist]] of cannabinoid [[w:agonist|agonist]]s.<ref name="recentadvances">{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/cbdv.200790147 |title=Cannabidiol – Recent Advances |year=2007 |last1=Mechoulam |first1=Raphael |last2=Peters |first2=Maximilian |last3=Murillo-Rodriguez |first3=Eric |last4=Hanuš |first4=Lumír O. |journal=Chemistry & Biodiversity |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=1678–92 |pmid=17712814}}</ref>|Wikipedia|[[w:Cannabinoid#Cannabidiol|Cannabidiol]]}}
    * [https://hightimes.com/health/cannabidiol-cbd/ Hightimes in detail piece on CBD]
    * [https://www.leafly.com/news/strains-products/what-cannabis-strains-are-high-in-cbd Leafly lists strains high in CBD]
    * [https://www.marijuanabreak.com/best-cbd-oils-pain-relief Piece on CBD as anti-pain agent (contains ads)]
    * [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278584618308340?via%3Dihub 'Cannabidiol attenuates aggressive behavior induced by social isolation in mice: Involvement of 5-HT1A and CB1 receptors'], a 2019 study published in the [[w:Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry]]. Cannabidiol effects were mediated by CB1 and 5-HT1A receptors.
    * [http://www.who.int/medicines/access/controlled-substances/5.2_CBD.pdf WHO preliminary report on CBD]
    === CBDA ===
    Cannabidiolic Acid is the raw form. Decarboxylating CBDA yields CBD.
    * https://herb.co/learn/cbda/
    === CBN === 
    [[w:Cannabinol|Cannabinol]] is a sleeping aid and has also other therapeutic qualities.
    * https://www.leafly.com/news/science-tech/what-is-cbn-and-what-are-the-benefits-of-this-cannabinoid
    * https://www.massroots.com/learn/cannabinol-cbn-cannabinoid/
    * https://www.medicaljane.com/2013/08/19/cannabinol-cbn-will-put-you-to-bed/
    === CBG ===
    [[w:Cannabigerol|Cannabigerol]]
    {{Q|Cannabigerol has been shown to promote [[w:apoptosis|apoptosis]] in cancer cells and inhibit tumor growth in mice. It acts as an [[w:a2-adrenergic receptor|α<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic receptor]] agonist, [[w:5-HT1A receptor|5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptor]] antagonist, and CB<sub>1</sub> receptor antagonist.<ref name="pmid20002104">{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00515.x |title=Evidence that the plant cannabinoid cannabigerol is a highly potent α2-adrenoceptor agonist and moderately potent 5HT1A receptor antagonist |year=2010 |last1=Cascio |first1=MG |last2=Gauson |first2=LA |last3=Stevenson |first3=LA |last4=Ross |first4=RA |last5=Pertwee |first5=RG |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology |volume=159 |pages=129–41 |pmid=20002104 |issue=1 |pmc=2823359}}</ref> It also binds to the CB<sub>2</sub> receptor.<ref name="pmid20002104" />|Wikipedia|[[w:Cannabinoid#Cannabigerol|Cannabigerol]]}}
    ''' Links about CBG '''
    * https://comparecbd.com/cbg/
    === CBC ===
    [[w:Cannabichromene|Cannabichromene]]
    === CBL ===
    [[w:Cannabicyclol|Cannabicyclol]]
    === CBV ===
    [[w:Cannabivarin|Cannabivarin]]
    === THCV ===
    [[w:Tetrahydrocannabivarin|Tetrahydrocannabivarin]] can be used to inhibit appetite.
    ''' Links about THCV '''
    * http://herb.co/2017/04/14/tetrahydrocannabivarin-thcv/
    === CBDV ===
    [[w:Cannabidivarin|Cannabidivarin]]
    === CBCV ===
    Cannabichromevarin
    === CBGV ===
    Cannabigerovarin
    === CBGM ===
    Cannabigerol Monomethyl Ether
    === CBE ===
    Cannabielsoin
    === CBT ===
    Cannabicitran
    ----
    == Making cannabinoids with yeasts ==
    Scientists have figured out how to splice the DNA of yeasts, so that they produce cannabinoids.<ref name="GlobalHealthTimes2019">http://globalhealthtimes.com/2019/03/06/scientists-are-making-thc-and-cbd-in-a-lab-without-growing/</ref>
    ----
    == Cannflavins ==
    '''[[w:Cannflavin|Cannaflavins]]''' '''A''' and '''B''' are very potent anti-inflammatory agents and thus help lessen the pain sensation originating from inflammation.
    ''' Links about cannflavins '''
    * https://www.inverse.com/article/58027-cannflavins-a-and-b-in-cannabis-anti-inflammatory
    ----
    == Terpenes in cannabis ==
    '''Terpenes''' are a large and diverse [[w:Organic chemistry#Classification of organic compounds|class]] of [[w:organic compound|organic compound]]s, produced by a variety of [[w:plant|plant]]s, particularly [[w:Pinophyta|conifers]], and by some [[w:insect]]s.<ref name=book>{{cite book|title=Terpenes: Flavors, Fragrances, Pharmaca, Pheromones|author=Eberhard Breitmaier|year= 2006|isbn=9783527609949 |doi=10.1002/9783527609949|publisher=Wiley-VCH}}</ref>
    '''Links about terpenes found in cannabis'''
    * [http://www.bbhwithms.com/multiple-sclerosis-cannabis-its-all-about-the-terpenes/ 'Multiple Sclerosis & Cannabis: It’s All About The Terpenes'], a 2017 article
    * [https://cannacon.org/15-terpenes-cannabis-explained/ '15 terpenes in cannabis explained'], a 2018 article by CannaCon.org
    * [https://www.fundacion-canna.es/en/terpenes 'Terpenes' by Fundación CANNA], a non-profit organization dedicated to scientific studies and cannabis testing
    * [http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2019/mar/01/why-terpenes/ 'Why terpenes are becoming more important than THC'], a 2019 articleon the Spokesman.com
    ----
    == Synthetic cannabinoids ==
    '''[[w:Synthetic cannabinoids|Synthetic cannabinoids]]''' are a class of molecules that [[w:Binding affinity|bind]] to [[w:cannabinoid receptor|cannabinoid receptor]]s in the body — the same receptors to which [[w:Tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]] and [[w:Cannabidiol|CBD]] attach – which are [[w:cannabinoid|cannabinoid]]s in [[w:cannabis|cannabis]] plants. (Wikipedia)
    '''Word of caution''': Many synthetic cannabinoids are '''dangerous''' and should not be administered by others than medical professionals.
    * [[w:List of designer drugs#Synthetic cannabinoids|List of synthetic cannabinoids on Wikipedia]]
    * [[w:Structural scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids|Structural scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids on Wikipedia]]
    ''' Links about synthetic cannabinoids '''
    * [https://www.calgarycmmc.com/acea.htm CalgaryMMC.com lists ACEA] so this isn't one is probably not one of the harmful ones
    '''[[w:Arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide|Arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide]]''' (ACEA) is a synthetic agonist of the [[w:Cannabinoid receptor type 1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] receptor. (Wikipedia)
    == Other plants that contain compounds that are active in cannabinoid receptors ==
    # '''[[w:Echinacea|Echinacea]]''' contains N-alkyl[[w:amide|amide]]s, that function via cannabimemetics to provide immune-boosting and is also used to relieve anxiety, fatigue, migraines and arthritis.<ref name="LLF2018">https://livelovefruit.com/8-non-marijuana-plants-contain-cannabinoids/</ref>
    # '''[[w:Black pepper|Black pepper]]''' contains high levels of the [[w:terpene|terpene]] called [[w:Caryophyllene|β-caryophyllene]] (BCP). BCP functions as a cannabinoid, and has a binding affinity with the CB<sub>2</sub> receptor.<ref name="LLF2018"/>
    # '''[[w:Flax|Flax]]''' (linen) seeds produce cannabinoid-like compounds very similar to CBD.<ref name="LLF2018"/>
    # '''[[w:Cocoa bean|Cacao]]''' contains lots of magnesium, but also "happy-brain" chemicals like [[w:theobromine|theobromine]], [[w:phenethylamine|phenethylamine]], [[w:tryptophan|tryptophan]], and [[w:anandamide|anandamide]]. Cacao affects the endocannabinoid system by deactivating the enzyme called [[w:FAAH|FAAH]]. This enzyme breaks down the endocannabinoid known as anandamide.<ref name="LLF2018"/>
    # '''[[w:Tuber melanosporum|Black truffle]]s''' contain anandamide.<ref name="LLF2018"/>
    # '''[[w:Helichrysum|Helichrysum]] umbraculigerum''' contains cannabigerol (CBG).<ref name="LLF2018"/>
    # '''[[w:Rhododendron|Rhododendron]] anthopogonoides''' (Chinese Labrador) contains anthopogocyclolic acid and anthopogochromenic acid and five related compounds known as synthetic analogues of cannabinoids: [[w:cannabichromene|cannabichromene]] (CBC) type, [[w:cannabicyclol|cannabicyclol]] (CBL) type and cannabicitran (CBT) type, have been isolated together with geranyl orsellinic acid. <ref name="LLF2018"/>
    #'''[[w:Marchantiophyta|Liverwort]]''' contains [[w:Perrottetinene|Perrottetinene]], a cannabinoid similar to THC.<ref name="NewsweekLiverwort2018">https://www.newsweek.com/medical-marijuana-moss-plant-acts-thc-cannabis-1184661</ref><ref name="LLF2018"/>
    * https://herb.co/learn/non-marijuana-plants-contain-cannabinoids/
    * https://livelovefruit.com/8-non-marijuana-plants-contain-cannabinoids/
    * https://www.marijuana.com/news/2017/05/9-plants-that-contain-therapeutic-cannabinoids/


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