Editing User:Jukeboksi/BBA studies/Law (section)

= International Law =


[[w:Private international law|Private international law]] concerns relations across different legal jurisdictions between persons, and sometimes also companies, corporations and other legal entities ( Wikipedia on private international law according to [[w:Conflict of laws|Conflict of laws]] )

[[w:Public international law|Public international law]] ( [[w:fi:Kansainvälinen oikeus]] ) concerns the structure and conduct of [[w:sovereign state|sovereign state]]s; analogous entities, such as the [[w:Legal status of the Holy See|Holy See]]; and [[w:intergovernmental organizations|intergovernmental organizations]]. To a lesser degree, international law also may affect [[w:multinational corporations|multinational corporations]] and [[w:individual|individual]]s, an impact increasingly evolving beyond domestic legal interpretation and enforcement. ( Wikipedia )

::[[w:International law]] is the set of rules generally regarded and accepted as binding in relations between states and between nations. It serves as a framework for the practice of stable and organized international relations. International law differs from state-based [[w:legal systems|legal systems]] in that it is primarily applicable to countries rather than to private citizens. ( Wikipedia )


* '''Sources of international law'''
* '''Different [[w:legal system|legal system]]s''' ( [[w:fi:Oikeusjärjestys]] ) ( '''[[w:List of national legal systems|List of national legal systems]]''' )
* '''Basic [[w:legal principles]]''' and [[w:legislation|legislative]] [[w:framework|framework]] of the [[w:European Union|European Union]]
* '''[[w:Conflicts of laws|Conflicts of laws]]''' and '''[[w:jurisdiction|jurisdiction]]''' ( tuomiovalta tai toimivalta )
* '''[[w:Dispute resolution|Dispute resolution]]''' ( kiistanratkaisu )
* '''International [[w:contract|contract]]s''' ( [[w:fi:Sopimus]] ) and [[w:international trade|trade]]
* '''International [[w:competition law|competition law]]''' ( [[w:fi:Kilpailuoikeus]] ) principles

== International Law - Lesson 1 - Introduction ==

* Prefer '''[[w:Arbitration|Arbitration]]''' ( [[w:fi:välimiesmenettely]] ) over going to [[w:court|court]].

* Schools of thought defining the basis of international law: cosmopolitans, [[w:Legal positivism|legal positivists]] ( [[w:fi:oikeuspositivismi]] ) and hobbesians.

* In law, '''[[w:comity|comity]]''' specifically refers to legal [[w:reciprocity (international relations)|reciprocity]]&mdash;the principle that one jurisdiction will extend certain courtesies to other nations (or other jurisdictions within the same nation), particularly by recognizing the validity and effect of their [[w:Executive (government)|executive]], [[w:Legislature|legislative]], and judicial acts. ( Wikipedia )

* A '''[[w:supranational]] union''' is a type of multi-national organization where negotiated power is delegated to an authority by governments of member states. ( Wikipedia )

== International Law - Lesson 2 - Non-business entities ==
* '''[[w:NGO|NGO]]s''' ( [[w:fi:kansalaisjärjestö]] )
* '''[[w:Intergovernmental organization|IGO]]s''' 

* [[w:European Parliament|European Parliament]] ( [[w:fi:Euroopan parlamentti]] )
* [[w:European Court of Justice|European Court of Justice]]

*'''[[w:Civil law (legal system)]]''' ( [[w:fi:säädösoikeus]] ) and '''[[w:common law|common law]]''' ( [[w:fi:tapaoikeus]] tai "maan laki" ) are competing legal systems

::'''Obs.''' In Finland ( Civil law ) you can be made to pay the legal fees of the winning party. In USA ( common law ) you don't have to.

* '''Dispute [[w:Settlement (litigation)|settlement]]''' is a resolution between disputing parties about a legal case, reached either before or after court action begins. ( Wikipedia )

== International Law - Lesson 3 - Intellectual property ==
* '''[[w:Intellectual property|Intellectual property]]''' ('''IP''') ( [[w:fi:Immateriaalioikeus]] ) is a [[w:law|legal]] concept which refers to creations of the mind for which [[w:exclusive right|exclusive right]]s are recognized. 
:::Under intellectual property law, owners are granted certain exclusive rights to a variety of [[w:intangible asset|intangible asset]]s, such as musical, literary, and artistic works; discoveries and inventions; and words, phrases, symbols, and designs. 
:::Common types of intellectual property rights include [[w:copyright|copyright]], [[w:trademark|trademark]]s, [[w:patent|patent]]s, [[w:industrial design right|industrial design right]]s, [[w:trade dress|trade dress]], and in some jurisdictions [[w:trade secret|trade secret]]s. ( Wikipedia )

*IP's two principle branches:
** '''artistic property'''
** '''[[w:industrial property|industrial property]]'''

* '''[[w:Copyright|Copyright]]''' ( [[w:fi:Tekijänoikeus]] ) is a legal concept, enacted by most governments, giving the creator of an original work [[w:exclusive right|exclusive right]]s to it, usually for a limited time, with the intention of enabling the creator of intellectual wealth (e.g. the photographer of a photograph or the author of a book) to get compensated for their work and be able to financially support themselves. ( Wikipedia )

* A '''[[w:patent|patent]]''' ( [[w:fi:Patentti]] ) is a set of [[w:exclusive right|exclusive right]]s granted by a [[w:sovereign state|sovereign state]] to an inventor or their assignee for a limited period of time, in exchange for the public disclosure of the [[w:invention|invention]].  An invention is a solution to a specific technological problem, and may be a product or a process. ( Wikipedia )

* '''Copyright does not protect the idea. A patent does.''' ( Teacher )

*Most countries grand three basic kinds of patents:
** '''[[w:Design patent|Design patent]]s'''
** '''[[w:Plant patent|Plant patent]]s'''
** '''[[w:Utility patent|Utility patent]]s''' 
::also '''[[w:petty patent|petty patent]]''' aka '''[[w:utility model|utility model]]''' ( [[w:fi:Hyödyllisyysmalli]] ) exists.

* '''A [[w:trademark|trademark]]''' ( [[w:fi:Tavaramerkki]] ) is a recognizable [[w:sign (semiotics)|sign]], [[w:design|design]] or [[w:expression (language)|expression]] which identifies [[w:Good (economics and accounting)|products]] or [[w:Service (economics)|services]] of a particular source from those of others. ( Wikipedia )

== International Law - Lesson 4 - When business goes wrong ==
* '''[[w:Bankruptcy|Bankruptcy]]''' ( [[w:fi:konkurssi]] ) is a legal status of a person or [[w:legal person|other entity]] that cannot repay the debts it owes to [[w:creditor|creditor]]s. In most jurisdictions, bankruptcy is imposed by a [[w:court order|court order]], often initiated by the debtor. ( Wikipedia )

* '''[[w:Foreclosure|Foreclosure]]''' is a specific legal process in which a [[w:Loan|lender]] attempts to [[w:Repossession|recover]] the balance of a loan from a borrower who has [[w:Default (finance)|stopped making payments]] to the lender by forcing the sale of the [[w:asset|asset]] used as the [[w:Collateral (finance)|collateral]] for the loan. ( Suomessa käytännössä ilmeisesti [[w:fi:pakkohuutokauppa]] ? )

* A '''[[w:mortgage|mortgage]]''' ( [[w:fi:kiinnitys]] ) is a [[w:security interest|security interest]] in [[w:real property|real property]] held by a [[w:lender|lender]] as a security for a debt, usually a loan of money. A mortgage in itself is not a debt, it is the lender's security for a debt. It is a transfer of an interest in land (or the equivalent) from the owner to the mortgage lender, on the condition that this interest will be returned to the owner when the terms of the mortgage have been satisfied or performed. In other words, the mortgage is a [[w:security (finance)|security]] for the loan that the lender makes to the [[w:borrower|borrower]]. ( Wikipedia )

* '''[[w:Security interest|Security interest]]''' [[w:fi:vakuus]] is a property interest created by agreement or by operation of law over assets to secure the performance of an obligation, usually the payment of a debt ( Wikipedia )
:::[[w:Equitable charge#Equitable charge|Equitable charge]]  confers a right on the secured party to look to (or appropriate) a particular asset in the event of the debtor's default, which is enforceable by either power of sale or appointment of a receiver. ( Wikipedia ) It is a form of security interest. [ ... ] Where security equivalent to a charge is given by a natural person (as opposed to a corporate entity) it is usually expressed to be a bill of sale, and is regulated under applicable bills of sale legislation.

* Fringe benefit is a type of '''[[w:employee benefit|employee benefit]]''' ( [[w:fi:luontoisetu]] )

----

== International Law - Lesson 5 - Risks ==
*'''[[w:Risk|Risk]]''' ( [[w:fi:riski]] ) can come in the form of 
:** '''[[w:Risk#Economic risk|economic risk]]''' ( macro ), 
:** '''[[w:financial risk|financial risk]]''' ( talousriski ) 
:** '''[[w:legal risk|legal risk]]''' when doing [[w:international business]]. ( Teacher )

=== Additional reading regarding risks ===

* '''[[w:Financial risk]]''' is an umbrella term for multiple types of [[w:risk]] associated with [[w:finance|financing]], including [[w:financial transaction]]s that include company loans in risk of [[w:default (finance)|default]]. Risk is a term often used to imply [[w:downside risk|downside risk]], meaning the uncertainty of a return and the potential for financial loss. 
:: In addition to financial risks, there are five broad categories of investment risks known as [[w:five risks|five risks]]. ( Wikipedia )
:::* The '''[[w:Five risks]]''' are the five types of [[w:financial risk]] faced by long-term investors as opposed to those faced by short-term [[w:Trader (finance)|traders]] ( Wikipedia )

----